西欧中世纪政教分离的政治学考察

发布时间：2018-01-21 16:23

本文关键词： 政教分离教皇革命教阶制度　出处：《复旦大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 耶稣说“恺撒的归恺撒,上帝的归上帝”,从而开创了政教分离的传统。西欧国家在中世纪盛期开始的一系列教会改革,导致了教会外部和内部的政教分离。外部的政教分离,包括政治权力与宗教权力、政治权威与宗教权力以及“政治人”与“宗教人”的分离；内部的政教分离,主要是指教会内部权力上的分离。政治权力与宗教权力分离,意味着宗教权力从政治权力中解放出来,并要求政治权力在精神领域和世俗领域之间划清界限,教会开始作为一个社会实体站在了世俗君主和贵族的对面；政治权威与宗教权威分离,意味着从“君权神授”过渡到“君权教会授”的时代,过去政治权威借以证明统治合法性的宗教权威被剥夺了,政治权威走下神坛,让位于宗教权威,从而宗教权威凌驾于政治权威之上；政治人与宗教人的分离,君主的身份由神化到解魅,成了普通的平信徒,再没有资格干涉宗教内部事务,独身制成功地在政治人与宗教人之间划清了界限；圣职权和管辖权对教会权力来源所作的区分,成功地建立了中央集权的教会统治。中世纪西欧基督教社会呈现出独特的政教分离现象,与宗教改革所提倡的政教分离不同之处在于,盛期时的政教分离,是教会主动脱离国家的形式,要求教会自由和自治,摆脱国家对宗教事务的干涉,同时主张宗教权威超越政治权威,从而形成了宗教权力与政治权力相互分离、各自独立、相互平衡的二元化政治结构模式。这是西欧历史上第一次出现的政教分离,为西欧法律传统、近代自由主义和宪政主义开辟了道路。
[Abstract]:Jesus said that "Caesar's belongs to Caesar, God's to God", thus creating a tradition of separation of church and state. Western European countries began a series of church reforms in the Middle Ages. The separation of politics and religion, including political power and religious power, political authority and religious power, as well as the separation of "political person" and "religious person"; The internal separation of church and state mainly refers to the separation of power within the church. The separation of political power and religious power means that religious power is liberated from political power, and requires political power to draw a clear line between spiritual field and secular field. The church began to stand as a social entity opposite the secular monarchs and nobles; The separation of political authority and religious authority means the transition from "divine monarchic authority" to "monarchical ecclesiastical authority". In the past, the religious authority used by political authority to prove the legitimacy of rule has been deprived, and political authority has gone down to the altar. Give way to the religious authority, so that the religious authority above the political authority; The separation of political and religious people, the monarch's status from deification to disenchantment, become ordinary ordinary believers, no longer qualified to interfere in the internal affairs of religion, celibacy has successfully drawn a clear line between political and religious people; The distinction between the power of the Church and the authority of the Church successfully established a centralized ecclesiastical rule. In the Middle Ages, the Christian society of Western Europe presented a unique phenomenon of separation of church and state, which was different from the separation of religion and state advocated by the religious reform. The separation of state and religion in the heyday was the form in which the church left the country on its own initiative. The church is required to be free and autonomous, to get rid of the state's interference in religious affairs, and at the same time to advocate that the religious authority transcends the political authority, thus forming the separation of religious power and political power and their respective independence. This is the first time in the history of Western Europe that the separation of state and religion has opened the way for Western European legal tradition, modern liberalism and constitutionalism.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：B977

【参考文献】