涂尔干灵魂观中的个体及社会关系

发布时间：2018-03-08 15:02

本文选题：涂尔干　切入点：灵魂观　出处：《深圳大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：涂尔干在《宗教生活的基本形式》里对宗教的起源及本质进行了社会学阐释,从原始宗教出发,对泰勒与缪勒的相关观点进行了批判,进而提出了自己的灵魂观,即“个体灵魂只是集体灵魂的一份”。涂尔干通过灵魂观建构出个体及社会的二重关系,他认为,社会即是宗教,个体灵魂与个体意识、集体灵魂与社会道德互相对应。因此个体就是社会,社会就是个体的,个体能在社会中得到自由全面的发展。他试图通过灵魂观的二重建构来解决“失范”问题,然而他所持有的社会“集体表象”存在于个体之中却又超越了个体的学说让个体与社会之间的张力问题愈加明显。尽管如此,涂尔干以灵魂观为切入点,对个体与社会进行二重构造的做法为社会理论开辟了一条新进路,对于个体与社会之间张力问题的解决也具有重要的思想价值。涂尔干未能解决的问题在莫斯的《礼物》中得到了修正与完善。莫斯运用“礼物”流动过程中互相转化的“自由与义务”化约了存在于个体与社会之间的一些张力,在一定程度上发展与校正了涂尔干的学说,即“集体无意识”学说。与涂尔干相反,勒庞认为个体受到群体的控制会变得盲目与冲动并失去自我意识,因此社会与个体的和谐共处是不可能的。要处理社会与个体之间的问题,不能突出个人主体性,也不能突出社会主体性。涂尔干、莫斯以及勒庞的学说表明:在社会活动中,个体与社会的效用都不可忽视。
[Abstract]:In the basic forms of religious Life, Durkheim interprets the origin and essence of religion in sociology, criticizes Taylor and Mueller's viewpoints from primitive religion, and puts forward his own view of soul. That is, "the individual soul is only a part of the collective soul". Durkheim constructs the dual relationship between the individual and the society through the soul view. He believes that society is religion, individual soul and individual consciousness. The collective soul and social morality correspond to each other. Therefore, the individual is the society, the society is the individual, the individual can get the free and comprehensive development in the society. However, the social "collective representation" he holds exists in the individual but transcends the individual doctrine, which makes the tension between the individual and society more obvious. Nevertheless, Durkheim takes the soul view as the starting point. The dual construction of individual and society opens up a new way for social theory. The solution of tension problem between individual and society also has important ideological value. The problem that Durkheim failed to solve was corrected and perfected in Moss' Gift. Moss used "gift" in the flow of each other. The transformation of "freedom and obligation" about the existence of some tension between the individual and society, To some extent, it develops and corrects Durkheim's theory of "collective unconsciousness." contrary to Durkheim, Le Pen believes that individuals under the control of groups become blind and impulsive and lose their self-consciousness. Therefore, it is impossible for society and individual to coexist harmoniously. To deal with the problems between society and individual, we can not highlight individual subjectivity, nor can we highlight social subjectivity. Durkheim, Moss and Le Pen's theory shows that in social activities, The utility of individual and society should not be ignored.
【学位授予单位】：深圳大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B920

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