变与不变中的平衡-1945年后波兰政教关系研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 02:32

本文选题：波兰　切入点：天主教会　出处：《中央民族大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：政教关系自古就是影响国家稳定发展的重要因素之一,同时它也影响和决定宗教与其他社会因素的关系。随着20世纪社会主义制度的发展,“无神论”的观点逐渐在社会主义国家盛行,宗教这个“神”的产物与之发生了强烈而又新奇的接触与碰撞。波兰作为东欧社会主义阵营的前沿,同时又具有上千年罗马天主教的传统,在这一时期的内部抗争显得尤为特殊。对于波兰的政教关系研究,我国国内的研究者只是少数,波兰本国及欧美国家的研究大多是从政治学角度出发的。这些研究从理论探讨到实证调查,从纵向的历史分析到某个横断面的结构研究,为我们的进一步研究做出了开拓性的贡献。但是也存在一些空白的区域,有待我们进一步探讨,如大部分文章只探讨了国家政权对宗教团体的管理政策,鲜少有具体讨论某些宗教政策的利弊,要求宗教与社会主义相适应,却很少能提出具体的方式；又如本文所要探讨的领域,在经历了社会制度转型之后的宗教政策更值得研究并从中发掘宝贵的经验和教训。本文大体分为四个部分：第一部分是论述波兰的概况及其天主教发展简史,可以看出波兰发展至今,无论是在和平年代还是在战争年代,天主教都已经深深融入到波兰人血液中,无形中已经成为了波兰的民族认同了。文章的第二部分论述了1945年后,也就是社会主义政权治理下的波兰政教关系。对于一个拥有一千多年天主教传统的国家而言,在短短几十年甚至十几年内放弃天主教信仰是不可行的,波兰统一工人党虽然提出政教分离原则,但在实际生活中又不得不借助天主教的影响力,巩固其政权,维护社会稳定,因而当局政府对天主教的政策时好时坏,政教之间的界限模糊不清,政府过多地干预教会的各项事务,最终导致教会走向社会主义政府的对立面。第三部分论述了东欧剧变之后,新民主共和国时期的波兰政府与天主教之间的政教关系。这段时期,政教分离原则依然是处理政教关系的不二准则,但政府与教会之间的界限依然模糊。与上一个时期相反的是教会的权威性在波兰籍教宗若望·保禄二世登基后和东欧剧变之后在波兰社会中大大增加,甚至希望在波兰建立以天主教价值观为中心的法律体系。这同样是逐渐偏离了政教分离原则。这部分内容就是围绕天主教与政府在政治生活和社会生活中决策的矛盾展开的,包括宗教教育问题、堕胎问题、公共领域的竞选活动以及媒体宣传等方面。第四部分是本文对于上述波兰两个时期的政教关系对比后得出的结论。波兰的意识形态在改变,力量对比在改变,政教关系随之改变,但是有一条原则是不变的,那就是政教分离。民众希望“上帝的归上帝,凯撒的归凯撒”,无论是政府想要干预教会事务,抑或是教会想要参与政治和社会事务都得不到民众的支持。只有民众才是政府与教会这架天平上的砝码。
[Abstract]:The relationship between politics and religion has always been one of the important factors that affect the stable development of the national economy, at the same time it also affect and decide the religion and other social factors. With the development of the socialist system in twentieth Century, "atheism" has gradually prevailed in a socialist country, the religion of "God" and the occurrence of the contact and impact of strong and novelty. Poland as the eastern frontier of the socialist camp, but also has thousands of years of Rome Catholic tradition, in this period the internal struggle is particularly special.
For the study of the relationship between Poland, China, only a few studies in China and Europe and the United States, Poland's own research mostly from the perspective of political science. The research from theory to empirical investigation and analysis from historical research to the structure of a cross section, made pioneering contributions to our further studies. But there are some gaps in the region, we need to further study, such as most of the discussions on religious groups of state power management policy, rarely has the advantages discussed some religious policies, and religions to adapt to socialist but rarely put forward specific ways; and as this paper is to explore the field and after the religious policy after the transformation of the social system more worthy of study and explore the valuable experience and lessons from it.
This article is divided into four parts:
The first part is about the general situation of Poland and its brief history of Catholic development. It can be seen that since the development of Poland, no matter in the era of peace or in the war years, Catholicism has been deeply integrated into the blood of poles, and has virtually become the national identity of Poland.
The second part of the 1945, is the socialist regime under the control of the relationship between politics and religion. Poland has more than one thousand years for a Catholic tradition in the country, is not feasible in dozens of years or even decades to abandon the Catholic faith, the unification of Poland workers' Party has proposed the principle of secularism, but in real life he had to use the Catholic influence and consolidate its power, maintaining social stability, so the authorities of the Catholic government policy of good and bad, the boundaries between the church and the state is blurred, excessive government intervention in the affairs of the church, the church to the socialist government eventually led to the opposition.
The third part discusses the relationship between politics and religion in Eastern Europe, the Poland government and the Catholic New Democratic Republic. During this period, the principle of secularism is still dealing with the relation between church and state key criterion, but the boundaries between the government and the church is still vague. With a period when the opposite is the authority of the church greatly increased in the Poland community in Poland after the Pope John Paul II ascended the throne after and in Eastern Europe, even hope to establish a legal system for the center for Catholic values in Poland. This is also gradually deviated from the principle of secularism. This part is focused on contradiction Catholic and government decision-making in the political life and social life of the the problem, including the issue of abortion, religious education, the public areas of the campaign and the media publicity.
The fourth part is the comparison of the relationship between politics and religion above Poland two periods after the conclusion. Poland's ideology in the balance of power in the change, change, change the relationship between politics and religion, but the principle is the same, that is the separation of church and state. People hope that "God's return to God, Kaiser to Kaiser, no matter the government wants to intervene matters of the church, or church to participate in political and social affairs without the support of the people. Only people are the government and the church on this balance weight.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B976.1

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