桂东南客家大幡醮仪中的炼度仪研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 06:35

本文选题：桂东南客家　切入点：大幡醮仪　出处：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：炼度仪思想奠基于汉代,完善于魏晋南北朝时期,完整的仪式形成于宋代,并一直流传至今。遍及我国华北地区、江南地区、两广、闽台、港澳,甚至在新加坡、马来西亚等国家也存在。是一种历史悠久,影响面广泛的道教仪式。道教醮仪肇始于汉代,形成于南北朝,唐宋时期发展完备,盛行于明清,上世纪中期以前曾广泛流行于湘、赣、闽、粤、桂、琼等南方地区。现存于桂东南客家聚居区的大幡醮仪是道教清事类科典中规模最大、耗资最多、延续时间最长、影响面最广的一种醮坛法事。其中的炼度仪是大幡醮仪和闾山教法事中极为重要的一种。炼度仪是一种以救拔非正常死亡者(非寿终正寝或病死都是非正常死亡,亦称“伤死”、“枉死”,后文简称“枉死”)之亡魂出离地狱中的枉死城,经过水火炼度淘魂铸魄,过阴炼洗脱生前罪孽,最后超度往生西天的仪式。另有搜捉、召考危害当地社会之鬼魂,对其进行超度的作用。并与施食仪式结合,使孤魂野鬼得到饱暖,远离村镇。其“阴超阳度”之功能,既为枉死亡魂寻找到理想的永恒归所,亦安抚了生者,为生者重构生活希望。炼度仪中所请赴炼神明之属性,道公身份,以及各种仪轨和不同仪轨所用法器、法术、符咒、科仪本、宗教信仰理论等,不仅体现出儒家思想“仁”之内涵,还体现出佛教、道教、民间信仰尤其是其中的巫术等多种宗教信仰内容。所以,炼度仪本质上虽是道教科仪,但经道教闾山派的继承和发展,成为了一种以儒家伦理思想为核心,拥有佛教血统——主要是佛教瑜伽派,且保留民间信仰尤其是原始巫术内容的,多种宗教信仰相互融合的宗教仪式。这种多宗教信仰融合的特征并非道教闾山派独有,而是广泛存在于中国宗教信仰之中。炼度仪具有“阴超阳度”,安抚民心,教化民众,树立群体社会认同,发扬传承传统文化,支持道公群体发展等众多功能。同时具有现代价值——文化价值、产业价值、社会价值等多种价值。此二者是这一古老宗教仪式至今传承不辍之奥秘及其在当代社会之意义所在。因此,有必要对其进行深入研究,进一步提升对其历史文化价值、宗教价值、社会价值及产业价值的认识,并在此基础上申请“非遗”,进行活化的保护和适度开发。使古老的传统宗教文化焕发生机和活力,为新的时代服务。
[Abstract]:The idea of alchemy was founded on the Han Dynasty and perfected in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. The complete ceremony was formed in the Song Dynasty and has been spread throughout North China, Jiangnan, Guangdong and Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, and even Singapore. Malaysia and other countries also exist. It is a Taoist ritual with a long history and extensive influence. Taoism ceremony began in the Han Dynasty, formed in the Southern and Northern dynasties, developed well in the Tang and Song dynasties, and prevailed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Before the middle of 0th century, it was widely popular in Hunan. Gan, Fujian, Guangdong, Gui, Qiong and other southern regions. The Dafa jiao ceremony, which is currently located in the Hakka settlement area in southeastern Guangxi, is the largest, most expensive and long-lasting Taoist ritual of the Qing Dynasty. One of the most widely influenced rituals of the Jiao altar. Among them, the alchemy is one of the most important in the practice of jiao banbani and the teaching method of the mountain. The alchemy is a kind of instrument designed to rescue those who die from abnormal conditions (the abnormal death from death or illness is an abnormal death). Also known as "wounded death", "innocent death" (hereinafter referred to as "innocent death")) the spirit of the dead left the city of pernicious death in hell, through water and fire to spend the soul casting, after Yin to wash away his sin, and finally to pass over the ceremony of passing away in the west sky. The ghost that endangers the local society, carries on the surpassing function to it, and combines with the food giving ceremony, causes the solitary soul wild ghost to get full and warm, far away from the village and town. Its function of "yin superfluous yang", not only seeks the ideal eternal return place for the undeserved dead soul, It also appeases the living and reconstructs the hope of life for the living. In the alchemy, the attributes of the gods, the public status of the Tao, and the instruments, spells, spells, charms, Kejimen, religious belief theories, etc., used in various rituals and different rituals, are also appeased. It not only embodies the connotation of "benevolence" in Confucianism, but also embodies the contents of various religious beliefs, such as Buddhism, Taoism, folk beliefs, especially witchcraft, and so on. However, the inheritance and development of the Taoist School of Lushan became a kind of Confucian ethics with Buddhist lineage-mainly Buddhist Yoga, and preserved folk beliefs, especially the original witchcraft. A religious ceremony in which many religions and beliefs converge. The characteristics of this kind of multireligious belief fusion are not unique to Taoist sects, but widely exist in Chinese religious beliefs. The alchemy has a "yin-over-yang degree" to appease and educate the people. Set up the social identity of the group, carry forward the traditional culture, support the development of the public group, etc. At the same time, it has modern value-cultural value, industrial value, etc. Social value and other values. These two are the mystery of this ancient religious ceremony and its significance in contemporary society. Therefore, it is necessary to study it in depth to further enhance its historical and cultural value. On the basis of the understanding of religious value, social value and industrial value, the author applies for "non-legacy" to protect and develop properly, so as to make the ancient traditional religious culture enlivened with vigor and vitality and serve the new era.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B933

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