论“神是人的本质的异化”

发布时间：2018-06-29 00:03

本文选题：宗教 + 人的本质　；参考：《华侨大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 费尔巴哈把“异化”这一概念用于人类宗教现象的分析,得出了“神是人的本质的异化”的命题。本文主要针对他的这个命题,阐述笔者的理解并试图诠释这个命题的内涵和意义。本文采用历史和逻辑相统一的研究分析方法,从费尔巴哈对宗教的基本观点入手,进而展开论述,通过层层剥笋的方式,最终揭示费尔巴哈关于“神是人的本质的异化”这一命题的理论和现实意义,以及它的历史局限性。费尔巴哈认为宗教的基础或者说心理根源是依赖感,宗教的目的是摆脱依赖感;因此,人们信仰宗教的目的是为了摆脱自然的奴役,也就是为了求得自我保存。在自然宗教中,人的本质的异化形式,表现为人通过想象力把自己的本质附着于一定的自然物上;人的本质并没有全部异化,而只是部分异化。自然宗教的对象是自然,它的本质是人和自然的统一;基督教的对象是人,它的本质也仅仅是人。可见,两种宗教的对象不同,决定了二者异化形式的差别。费尔巴哈所说的上帝的本质、宗教的本质是人的本质的异化,是指人把自己的本质对象化为一个独立于人的精神本体,人把自己的本质从内部分离出来。他进一步指出,这种从人的本质中分离出来,分裂出来的独立的精神本质,完全处于同人相对立的地位,它反过来成为束缚人、限制人、统治人的力量,成为人的异己力量。异化为上帝的本质,在费尔巴哈看来不是个人的本质,而是人的族类本质,即人类的本质。他认为要克服宗教的异化,主要就在于揭露宗教的虚伪性,指出宗教、神、上帝其实是人的本质的异化,是人的精神的创造物。他试图用对人的爱来代替对神的爱,以达到扬弃宗教的目的。他要创立一种新宗教,即所谓“爱的宗教”,用这种爱的宗教来代替神的宗教。费尔巴哈的宗教观,仅仅从人和自然矛盾的角度分析了宗教产生的根源,而没有进一步揭露出宗教产生的社会根源,由于他对宗教的社会根源缺乏深刻的认识,不了解宗教异化的基础实际是世俗社会的分裂,因此他对宗教的社会作用的了解也很不够。因此费尔巴哈所提出的扬弃宗教异化的途径,也仅局限于认识方面。费尔巴哈一方面对于宗教神学进行了尖锐的批判,并且立意要克服神学宗教的异化现象;另一方面却又要建立一种新的宗教,即所谓爱的宗教。这种宗教以人与人的族类爱为基础,是立足在人本学的原则基础上的。因此,费尔巴哈实际上并不能真正地克服宗教的异化,他所试图创造的新宗教,究其实质只能是一种新形式下的宗教异化。
[Abstract]:Feuerbach applied the concept of "alienation" to the analysis of human religious phenomena and came to the proposition that "God is the alienation of human nature". Aiming at this proposition, this paper expounds the author's understanding and tries to explain the connotation and significance of this proposition. This article adopts the research and analysis method of the unity of history and logic, starts with Feuerbach's basic view of religion, and then discusses, through the way of stripping bamboo shoots layer by layer. Finally, it reveals the theoretical and practical significance of Feuerbach's proposition that "God is the alienation of human nature", as well as its historical limitations. Feuerbach thinks that the basis or psychological root of religion is dependence, and the purpose of religion is to get rid of dependency; therefore, people believe in religion in order to free themselves from the enslavement of nature, that is, to preserve themselves. In natural religion, the form of alienation of man's essence is that man attaches his essence to a certain natural object through imagination; the essence of man is not completely alienated, but only partially alienated. The object of natural religion is nature, and its essence is the unity of man and nature; the object of Christianity is man, and its essence is only man. It can be seen that the object of the two religions is different, which determines the difference between the two forms of alienation. According to Feuerbach, the essence of God and the essence of religion are the alienation of human nature, which means that man transforms his essential object into a spiritual ontology independent of man, and man separates his essence from the inside. He further points out that this independent spiritual essence, which is separated from the essence of man, is completely in the opposite position with man. In turn, it becomes a force that binds, restricts, rules, and becomes a dissident force. Alienation as the essence of God is not the essence of the individual, but the essence of man, that is, the essence of man. He thinks that to overcome the alienation of religion, it is mainly to expose the hypocrisy of religion, pointing out that religion, God and God are in fact the alienation of human nature and the creation of human spirit. He tried to replace his love for God with love for man, in order to sublate religion. He wanted to create a new religion, the so-called "religion of love", which replaced the religion of God. Feuerbach's religious view only analyzes the origin of religion from the angle of contradiction between man and nature, without further exposing the social origin of religion, because he lacks a deep understanding of the social origin of religion. The basis of not understanding religious alienation is the division of secular society, so his understanding of the social role of religion is also very insufficient. Therefore, Feuerbach's approach of sublation of religious alienation is limited to cognition. Feuerbach, on the one hand, criticizes religious theology sharply, and intends to overcome the alienation of theological religion; on the other hand, he wants to establish a new religion, that is, the so-called religion of love. This religion is based on the principle of humanism. Therefore Feuerbach can not really overcome the alienation of religion. The essence of the new religion he is trying to create is only a new form of religious alienation.
【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：B978

【共引文献】