蒙古族腾格里信仰研究

发布时间：2018-08-14 20:22

【摘要】：本论文主要研究蒙古族腾格里信仰及其文化内涵。蒙古族腾格里信仰具有悠久的历史和深远的影响。它不仅是蒙古族民间宗教的核心内容,也是蒙古族传统文化思想体系中非常重要组成部分。腾格里信仰起源于古代北方少数民族共有的信仰习俗。在中国历史文献中,关于"腾格里"的记载最早出现于《汉书·匈奴传》。与此同时,不管是与匈奴同一时代的东胡,还是后来的乌桓、鲜卑、突厥,再后来的契丹、女真,以及很多生活在大漠南北的古代北方游牧民族的风俗习惯、宗教信仰中均有敬天、拜天、祭天的文献记载。这些内容为探究蒙古族腾格里信仰的发生,以及缘起提供了颇有价值的文献线索。除此之外,13世纪中叶到14世纪,欧洲传教士、旅行者、以及商人的记录,为了解古代蒙古人敬天习俗提供了不同的视角。随着蒙古民族在北方草原的崛起,"腾格里"的观念被蒙古人继承,并得到了进一步的丰富和发展,产生出具有蒙古族特色的"腾格里"信仰体系。蒙古族现今最古老的文献一一《蒙古秘史》开篇就提及"腾格里"。据有学者统计,《蒙古秘史》中"腾格里"一词出现多达70多次。通过《蒙古秘史》中出现的腾格里,能够清晰展现出古代蒙古族腾格里信仰的内容,蒙古族天命观念及其属性,了解到蒙古族最早的腾格里祭祀仪式,能够概括地反映蒙古族腾格里信仰的特点。因此,本文以从不同侧面和角度呈现的历史文献为线索,追溯古代"腾格里"信仰的发生和缘起,尝试展示"腾格里"信仰的文化特征,并对其进行文化解读。作为一种具有活态性的宗教文化现象,腾格里信仰有其自身生长、发展和变化的过程。蒙古族原生形信仰体系——萨满教,将人类和万物的起源归于"腾格里"。萨满教体系中"腾格里'"名称繁多、内容庞杂。按照其说法,萨满教中一共有九十九尊"腾格里"神。事实上,如果把所有"腾格里"的名称排列起来,其总数会大大超过九十九。但万变不离其宗。根据蒙古社会和萨满教发展的脉络,在萨满教体系中腾格里神经历了从自然之腾格里,到人格化的腾格里,再通过政治提升,达到政统神的历史转变。在这一历史过程中,腾格里信仰即负担着游牧民族渴望雨水充足,人畜平安、牲畜兴旺的基本愿望和社会功能。它也维护着"天命"观念下成吉思汗为首的黄金家族的正统性与统治的一脉相承。同时承载着游牧帝国开疆辟土,扩大疆域的政治野心。随着萨满教的衰落,藏传佛教先后两次进入蒙古人的精神世界,腾格里信仰在于藏传佛教相接触的过程中,逐渐被其吸收、改造和系统化。从而形成具有蒙古族特色的藏传佛教文化,并成为蒙古族传统文化的重要组成部分。由此,腾格里信仰经历了蒙古族社会两个重要的宗教时代,萨满教和藏传佛教。并在萨满教和藏传佛教兼容并蓄的共生关系中保有一份生存空间。经过岁月的流逝,时代的变迁,时至今日,腾格里信仰依然以民间信仰的形式得以留存和延续,并存在于蒙古族人的观念、日常生活以及祭祀习俗中。腾格里信仰不仅随着蒙古族宗教文化的演化,形成独特的发展轨迹,并且拥有具有蒙古民族特色的文化内涵。蒙古族腾格里信仰的生成离不开以畜牧业为主的游牧文化的滋养。在探究腾格里信仰的文化之源的基础上,对蒙古族腾格里为主的传统日、月、星辰等天体、天象以及自然物崇拜的解析,最终解决蒙古族腾格里信仰内涵的问题。尤其是通过历史上蒙古族腾格里祭祀的内容和特点,结合目前在蒙古地区具有代表性的几种腾格里祭祀仪式的形式与内容,尝试出揭开信仰背后的象征内容和象征意义。腾格里信仰的内涵中展现出蒙古族游牧文化,以及蒙古族宗教信仰的根源性特征。探讨腾格里信仰对蒙古族传统文化和民间宗教研究均具有重要理论价值和现实意义。蒙古族以"腾格里"为背景,创造出了绚烂的民族文化。它既体现在蒙古族哲学思想、价值体系、文学艺术、风俗习惯、伦理道德方面,也是民族心理和性格等精神文化领域的重要方面。同时融入并渗透到蒙古族人民日常的衣、食、住、行等物质生活和文化中。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly studies the Tengri belief of the Mongolian nationality and its cultural connotation.The Tengri belief of the Mongolian nationality has a long history and far-reaching influence.It is not only the core content of Mongolian folk religion,but also a very important part of Mongolian traditional cultural thought system.The Tengri belief originated from the ancient northern minority nationalities. Belief and Custom. In Chinese historical documents, the earliest record of "Tenggeri" appeared in the Han Dynasty. At the same time, whether it was Donghu of the same time as the Huns, or later Uhuan, Xianbei, Turkic, and later Khitan, Nvzhen, and many ancient nomadic peoples living in the north and south of the desert, the customs and religions of the northern nomads. There are all documented worship, worship and sacrifice of heaven. These contents provide valuable literature clues for exploring the occurrence and origin of Mongolian Tengger belief. In addition, the records of European missionaries, travelers and businessmen from the middle of the 13th century to the 14th century provide different perspectives for understanding the ancient Mongolian custom of worship of heaven. With the rise of the Mongolian people in the northern grassland, the concept of "Tengger" has been inherited by the Mongolians and further enriched and developed, resulting in the "Tengger" belief system with Mongolian characteristics. The term "Tengri" has appeared more than 70 times. Through the Tengri appearing in the Secret History of Mongolia, the contents of the Tengri belief of the ancient Mongolian, the concept and attributes of the Mongolian fate can be clearly displayed, and the earliest Tengri sacrificial rites of the Mongolian people can be understood, which can generally reflect the characteristics of the Tengri belief of the Mongolian people. Based on the historical documents presented from different aspects and angles, this paper traces back to the origin and occurrence of the ancient Tengger belief, tries to reveal the cultural characteristics of the Tengger belief and interprets it culturally. As a living religious and cultural phenomenon, Tengger belief has its own growth, development and change process. The belief system, Shamanism, attributes the origin of man and all things to Tengri. The name Tengri in Shamanism is numerous and varied. According to it, there are ninety-nine Tengri gods in Shamanism. In fact, if all the names of Tengri were put together, the total number would exceed ninety-nine. According to the development of Mongolian society and Shamanism, Tengger Nerve experienced the historical transformation from natural Tengger to personalized Tengger, and then through political promotion, reached the political system and god. It also maintains the orthodoxy of the Gold Family headed by Genghis Khan under the concept of "Heaven's Destiny" and carries the political ambition of the nomadic Empire to open up territory and expand its territory. Belief is gradually absorbed, transformed and systematized by Tibetan Buddhism in the process of contacting with each other, thus forming a Tibetan Buddhist culture with Mongolian characteristics and becoming an important part of Mongolian traditional culture. There is a living space in the coexistence of Manchu and Tibetan Buddhism. With the passage of time and the changes of the times, Tengger belief still exists and continues in the form of folk beliefs, and exists in Mongolian ideas, daily life and sacrificial customs. The evolution of religious culture has formed a unique track of development and possessed the cultural connotation with Mongolian characteristics. The formation of Mongolian Tengger belief can not be separated from the nourishment of nomadic culture with animal husbandry as its main part. The analysis of the celestial phenomena and the worship of natural objects will eventually solve the problem of the connotation of the Mongolian Tengger belief. Especially through the contents and characteristics of the Mongolian Tengger sacrifice in history and combining with the forms and contents of several typical Tengger sacrificial ceremonies in Mongolia, the paper tries to reveal the symbolic contents and symbols behind the belief. The connotation of Tengger belief shows the nomadic culture of Mongolian people and the root characteristics of Mongolian religious belief. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the traditional culture and folk religion of Mongolian people. In Mongolian philosophy, value system, literature and art, customs, ethics and morals, but also the national psychology and personality and other important aspects of spiritual and cultural fields.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B933

【相似文献】