论斐洛的伦理神学及其核心概念自然律解析

发布时间：2018-08-19 10:40

【摘要】： 以希伯莱圣经为文本的宗教学说中,伦理神学必然占有一个重要的地位。这里伦理神学中所说的神学是从词源的角度进行定义的神学,而非基督宗教意义上的神学。神学一词theology,正是由theos和logos合成的,意即“关于神的道理、学说”。斐洛的伦理神学是斐洛全部思想的落脚点,它从对犹太教神的信仰和人类理性的角度出发,去研究人达成信仰时所遵循的一些原则。这些原则在斐洛那里是从神获得确信与合法地位的,顺承了自犹太教发轫的自然律传统,但到了斐洛的时代,受到希腊化的影响,只有对其重新加以阐释才能满足希腊化犹太人的宗教诉求。顺应这个要求,斐洛以犹太一神教为宗教思想基础,以希腊哲学的理性概念的思辨作为形而上学基础,以寓意阐释法作为方法论基础,在论述中始终强调道德诫律重要性,由此重新建构了伦理神学。自然律乃是斐洛整个思想体系中的核心观念。通过对希腊哲学中斯多亚学派和柏拉图主义理论的辩证吸收,斐洛将世界的创造者和立法者的超越的神的理念加以转化,完成了为自然律理论寻找超越背景的任务。通过把自己对犹太教传统意义上对神的理解变得更为抽象和思辨,将神的存在本身与神的创造分开,从而造成一个存在意义上的神与功能化的神即逻各斯,将自然律理论定义为神创造宇宙时先于宇宙的逻各斯在自然秩序范围内的体现,使得自然律概念与希伯莱《圣经》中神圣创世和神的诫命以及对逻各斯的信仰协调起来。这个步骤的完成只是奠定了斐洛伦理神学中最重要的理论根基问题。无论是基于犹太教的传统,还是斐洛理论的落脚点,最终都要落实到伦理实践中,运用到在现实生活中对犹太教伦理本质的保护和传承中去。犹太教中对神本质持有这样一种观念:认识神和获得拯救就是在生活中按照神的命令行事,认识神和获得拯救不再是追求某种超验的东西和知识,而是现世的伦理行为。通过德性的生活,每个信仰者都可以塑造自身的宗教存在。每个个体都具有了自由渴求神、爱神的权利。在先知的话语中,认识神与行公义就成为同一种东西,神所言即诫律。在此基础上建立起来的宗教与伦理生活相结合的方式使得犹太人用现实性的方式解决了朝向上帝的超现实的问题,确定了人在万能上帝面前的尊严,建立了在人人平等基础上的对人性的尊重,建构了自己的宗教生命和生活的意义。斐洛的伦理神学涉及很多问题,主要有这么几个:斐洛伦理神学中包含的希腊伦理内容、神权与人类自由、神秘主义方法的产生、伦理神学目标的实现依靠的一种神秘主义体验、肉体与灵魂的关系、律法以及斐洛理想伦理典范摩西。经过斐洛的论证,自然律理论带上了希腊和希伯莱的双重色彩,具备了联结超越与内在,神与人,宗教与生活的中介性质。将对神的追求与按照自然律的要求生活的合一,使得对超越的追求有了现实的着手点。斐洛的理论落脚于伦理,最终完成了从希腊式的论证向希伯莱宗教本位的回归,凸现了斐洛作为一个犹太人的精神实质。
[Abstract]:In the religious doctrine based on the Hebrew Bible, ethical theology inevitably occupies an important position. The theology in ethical theology is defined in terms of etymology, not in the Christian sense. Philo's ethical theology is the foothold of all Philo's ideas. It studies the principles that people follow when they reach their beliefs from the perspectives of belief in the Jewish gods and human rationality. These principles in Philo derive their conviction and legitimacy from the gods and follow the natural law tradition originated from Judaism, but to Philo. Under the influence of Hellenization, the religious appeal of Hellenistic Jews could only be satisfied by reinterpretation of Hellenistic Jews.
To meet this requirement, Philo regards Jewish monotheism as the religious thought foundation, the rational concept of Greek philosophy as the metaphysical basis, and the implied interpretation as the methodological basis. He always emphasizes the importance of moral precepts in his exposition, thus reconstructing the ethical theology.
The law of nature is the core concept of Philo's whole ideological system. Through the dialectical absorption of Stoic and Platonic theories in Greek philosophy, Philo transformed the idea of transcendental deity of the creators and legislators of the world and accomplished the task of finding a transcendental background for the theory of the law of nature. The comprehension of God in a general sense becomes more abstract and speculative, separating the existence of God from the creation of God, thus creating a God in the sense of existence and a functionalized god, i.e. Logos, which defines the theory of natural law as the manifestation of the logos in the natural order in which God created the universe prior to the universe, thus enabling the concept of natural law and Greece. In the Bible, the divine creation and the commandments of God and the belief in logos are coordinated.
The completion of this step only lays the most important theoretical foundation for Philo's ethical theology. Whether it is based on the tradition of Judaism or the foothold of Philo's theory, it will eventually be implemented into ethical practice and applied to the protection and inheritance of the ethical essence of Judaism in real life.
Judaism holds the idea that knowing God and getting salvation is to act according to God's command in life. Knowing God and getting salvation are no longer transcendental pursuits of something and knowledge, but worldly ethical acts. Through virtuous life, each believer can mold his own religious existence. In the words of the prophets, knowing God and doing justice become the same thing, and God's words are the commandments. The combination of religion and ethical life established on this basis enables the Jews to solve the surreal problem of facing God in a realistic way and confirms that man is human. The dignity of God Almighty establishes respect for human nature on the basis of equality for all, and constructs its own religious life and meaning of life.
Philo's ethical theology involves many problems, such as the Greek ethical content, theocracy and human freedom, the creation of mystical methods, a mystical experience, the relationship between body and soul, the law and Moses, the ideal ethical model of Philo.
Through Philo's argument, the theory of natural law takes on the dual colors of Greece and Hebrew, and possesses the intermediary nature of connecting transcendence and inner, God and man, religion and life. The return from Greek argumentation to Hebrew religious standard is completed, which highlights the spiritual essence of Philo as a Jew.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：B978

【共引文献】