树、神、人—科尔沁蒙古族神树崇拜及祭祀仪式研究
发布时间：2018-08-23 09:43
【摘要】：蒙古人自古尚树。在古代富有社会制度、军事色彩的重大活动中,树木都扮演着重要的角色。由此可见,“树”这一形象早已被蒙古族民众赋予了神圣的含义。科尔沁地区的蒙古人崇拜“尚喜树”,他们认为尚喜树中有神灵,名曰“尚喜神”。每年农历五月十三,当地蒙古人齐聚一起祭祀尚喜树,以求树中神灵广降甘霖,庇荫五谷,福延六畜。本文的目的在于通过对科尔沁中敖日布告嘎查尚喜树崇拜仪式的田野调查,及历史文献资料的解读,介绍科尔沁尚喜树崇拜的流传形式与特性,由此探讨该地区神树信仰的起源与发展,以及仪式中人与人、人与神的关系。并在此基础上,探究这种民间信仰在历史长河中几次中断,却仍然重返民间,于民众间复苏的原因。从结构来看,本文分为六部分。第一章绪论介绍本文的研究缘起、意义、方法与资料来源,并着重对国内外与树崇拜有关的资料、文献、专著、论文等进行梳理与概括,观其现状,察其利弊。第二章意在介绍科尔沁中敖日布告嘎查概况,以及当地蒙古人的尚喜树崇拜详情。第三章以实地调查的一手资料为主体,尽量详尽、全面、本真地还原中敖日布告神树祭祀仪式前期准备工作,展演过程,及村落中个人的角色分工。第四章主要分析神树崇拜中神的起源发展,并重点研究信仰的主体人的思维,以及仪式中,分离于日常的人与人、人与神的关系。因为信仰及仪式将一切意义通过象征的手段加诸于各种行为中,使得信仰间的民众在日常中按照信仰的思想,循规蹈矩,遵守禁忌。也正因此,神树崇拜作为民间信仰对民众生态观、文化观的建立,存在着积极的意义。这是本文第五章想要阐明的。科尔沁地区的树崇拜普遍被认为是萨满教的遗存,是万物有灵论的体现。如今科尔沁地区蒙古族树崇拜从其表现方式看,已不仅仅是萨满教的体现,还包含了藏传佛教的神佛观念。这样的发展结果是有其历史原因的。以变求存,兼容并蓄,是神树崇拜历经磨难却流传至今的原因之一。其次,无论宗教如何渗透入民间信仰,参与信仰的主体毕竟是人。因而,信仰的流传也是因为蒙古族民众对自然的感知保持着原始性,他们的意志不以经验为转移,而是直觉地相信树中的神秘力量。这种流传已经不仅仅是对宗教遗留物的继承,而是对信仰中蕴含的原始思维的继承。正是这些原因使得神树崇拜历久弥新,流传长久,并潜移默化的在科尔沁蒙古人的日常生活、社会文化、意识培养等方面发挥作用。
[Abstract]:The Mongols still have trees since ancient times. Trees played an important role in the great activities of ancient social system and military color. Thus, the image of "tree" has been given sacred meaning by the Mongolian people. The Mongolians in Horqin worshipped "still Joy Tree". They believed that there was a god in Shangxi Tree, which was called "Shangxi God". On the 13th day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, the local Mongols gather to sacrifice Shang Xi-shu to pray for the gods in the trees to descend on the rain, protect the grain, and the six animals in Fuyen. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the form and characteristics of the spread of the worship of the Camptotheca acuminata in Horqin through the field investigation of the ceremony of Gachaishan-Gachasan worshiping in Horqin, as well as the interpretation of historical documents. This paper probes into the origin and development of the belief of the divine tree in this region and the relationship between man and god in the ritual. On this basis, this paper explores the reason why this folk belief has been interrupted several times in the long history, but it still returns to the folk and recovers among the people. From the point of view of structure, this paper is divided into six parts. The first chapter introduces the origin, significance, methods and sources of this research, and focuses on the domestic and foreign information related to tree worship, literature, monographs, papers and so on to comb and generalize, observe its present situation, observe its advantages and disadvantages. The second chapter is intended to introduce the general situation of Horqin Aori Gacha and the details of the local Mongolians'worship of Shangxi Tree. The third chapter takes the primary data of the field investigation as the main body, try to be detailed, comprehensive, and truly restore the preparatory work, the exhibition process, and the division of roles of the individual in the village. The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the origin and development of God in the worship of God tree and focuses on the thinking of the main body of faith and the relationship between man and God in ritual. Because faith and rituals impose all meanings through symbolic means in all kinds of actions, the interfaith people follow the principles of their beliefs and observe taboos in their daily lives. Therefore, as a folk belief, the worship of God Tree has positive significance to the establishment of the people's ecological and cultural views. This is the fifth chapter of this article wants to clarify. Tree worship in Horqin is generally regarded as the remains of shamanism and the embodiment of animism. Nowadays, the Mongolian tree worship in Horqin area is not only the embodiment of Shamanism, but also the concept of the god and Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism. There are historical reasons for this development. To change the survival, inclusive, is the worship of God tree after suffering, but one of the reasons for the spread to this day. Secondly, no matter how religion infiltrates the folk belief, the main body involved in the belief is after all human beings. Therefore, the spread of faith is also because the Mongolian people's perception of nature remains primitive, their will is not transferred by experience, but intuitively believes in the mysterious power of the tree. This spread has not only inherited religious relics, but also inherited the original thinking contained in faith. It is for these reasons that the worship of god tree is old and new, and it plays a role in the daily life, social culture and consciousness cultivation of Horqin Mongols.
【学位授予单位】：西北民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B933
本文编号：2198664
[Abstract]:The Mongols still have trees since ancient times. Trees played an important role in the great activities of ancient social system and military color. Thus, the image of "tree" has been given sacred meaning by the Mongolian people. The Mongolians in Horqin worshipped "still Joy Tree". They believed that there was a god in Shangxi Tree, which was called "Shangxi God". On the 13th day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, the local Mongols gather to sacrifice Shang Xi-shu to pray for the gods in the trees to descend on the rain, protect the grain, and the six animals in Fuyen. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the form and characteristics of the spread of the worship of the Camptotheca acuminata in Horqin through the field investigation of the ceremony of Gachaishan-Gachasan worshiping in Horqin, as well as the interpretation of historical documents. This paper probes into the origin and development of the belief of the divine tree in this region and the relationship between man and god in the ritual. On this basis, this paper explores the reason why this folk belief has been interrupted several times in the long history, but it still returns to the folk and recovers among the people. From the point of view of structure, this paper is divided into six parts. The first chapter introduces the origin, significance, methods and sources of this research, and focuses on the domestic and foreign information related to tree worship, literature, monographs, papers and so on to comb and generalize, observe its present situation, observe its advantages and disadvantages. The second chapter is intended to introduce the general situation of Horqin Aori Gacha and the details of the local Mongolians'worship of Shangxi Tree. The third chapter takes the primary data of the field investigation as the main body, try to be detailed, comprehensive, and truly restore the preparatory work, the exhibition process, and the division of roles of the individual in the village. The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the origin and development of God in the worship of God tree and focuses on the thinking of the main body of faith and the relationship between man and God in ritual. Because faith and rituals impose all meanings through symbolic means in all kinds of actions, the interfaith people follow the principles of their beliefs and observe taboos in their daily lives. Therefore, as a folk belief, the worship of God Tree has positive significance to the establishment of the people's ecological and cultural views. This is the fifth chapter of this article wants to clarify. Tree worship in Horqin is generally regarded as the remains of shamanism and the embodiment of animism. Nowadays, the Mongolian tree worship in Horqin area is not only the embodiment of Shamanism, but also the concept of the god and Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism. There are historical reasons for this development. To change the survival, inclusive, is the worship of God tree after suffering, but one of the reasons for the spread to this day. Secondly, no matter how religion infiltrates the folk belief, the main body involved in the belief is after all human beings. Therefore, the spread of faith is also because the Mongolian people's perception of nature remains primitive, their will is not transferred by experience, but intuitively believes in the mysterious power of the tree. This spread has not only inherited religious relics, but also inherited the original thinking contained in faith. It is for these reasons that the worship of god tree is old and new, and it plays a role in the daily life, social culture and consciousness cultivation of Horqin Mongols.
【学位授予单位】：西北民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B933
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