早期道教教职的研究
发布时间：2018-10-18 16:38
【摘要】：本文依据道教历史发展的脉络，从早期道教组织制度中的教职设置状况这一视角入手，通过对记载早期道教发展的相关文献资料的解读与分析，在考察早期道教各个时期的道教教团的组织状况的基础上，探讨了早期道教所设教职的来源、名称，教职所承担的基本职能，教职晋升的条件，及由此对道教发展的影响等问题。 早期道教初创之时，道门组织中神职人员的成分相当庞杂，其来源主要有原始宗教的侍神者巫，精于各种方技的方士与阴阳家。虽然道教中的神职人员由此发展而来，但其与巫、阴阳家、方士却有着很大的不同，不同之处就在于道士是以一种社会组织为依托，是道教组织中的成员。从早期道教的发展史上看，，在宫观制度确立之前，道教的组织制度前后出现过两大类型：一是以“方”或“治”为单位的“政教合一”或”军政合一“的组织，二是以家族为中心的师徒制。 汉末张角所领导的太平道建立了“三十六方”的教区，以方为单位，设置了“大贤良师—将军—八使—渠帅”的教团组织体系，以宗教活动与政治活动严密结合的形式，建立起军政合一的组织制度。与其同时，在巴蜀地区由张陵所创立的天师道，则建立起以“治”为单位的祭酒制，设置了“天师—治头大祭洒—奸令祭酒—祭洒—鬼吏—鬼卒”的等级管理体制。这一制度的特征是：一、把宗教与政、军结合起来，建立了政教合一的管理制度。职业道士兼具道师和官吏两重身份，与信徒形成半宗教、半官民的关系。二、天师、祭酒的世袭固定化。天师道这种稳定而严格的组织管理体系，使得教徒之间的关系得以稳固，使教区的管理者与教区道民之间的上下级关系得以确认。祭酒制造成天师道在巴蜀地区长达三十年的稳定统治，政治宽和，教民安居。
[Abstract]:Based on the historical development of Taoism and from the angle of view of the establishment of teaching posts in the early Taoist organizational system, this paper analyzes and interprets the relevant documents about the development of early Taoism. Based on the investigation of the organization of the Taoist order in various periods of early Taoism, this paper probes into the origin, name, basic functions and conditions for promotion of the early Taoist teaching posts. And its impact on the development of Taoism and other issues. At the beginning of early Taoism, the composition of the clergy in the Taoist organization was very complicated, and its origin was mainly from the Wu of the primeval religion, who were proficient in various aspects of the prescription and yin-yang family. Although the clergy of Taoism developed from this, it is very different from Witchcraft, Yin and Yang, Fang Shi. The difference is that Taoism is based on a kind of social organization and is a member of Taoist organization. From the history of the early Taoist development, before the establishment of the monastery system, there were two major types of Taoist organizational system: one was the organization of "integration of politics and religion" or "integration of military and government", which was based on "Fang" or "governance". Secondly, the system of master and apprentice centered on the family. The Taiping Road led by Zhang Jiao in the end of the Han Dynasty established a parish of "36 sides," and set up a "great good teacher, general, eight emissaries, leading canals," a religious organization system, in the form of a close combination of religious activities and political activities. We should establish an organizational system for the integration of military and government. At the same time, the Tianshi Road, founded by Zhang Ling in Bashu area, established the system of offering wine with "governance" as the unit, and set up the hierarchical management system of "Tianshi-Headou sacrifice", "throwing evil orders to sacrifice wine, offering sacrifices to ghosts, officials and ghost pawns". The characteristics of this system are as follows: first, the combination of religion, politics and the military, the establishment of the management system of the unity of government and religion. Professional Taoists have the dual identity of Taoist and official, and form a semi-religious, semi-official relationship with believers. Second, the heavenly teacher, sacrifice wine hereditary immobilization. The stable and strict organization and management system of Tian Shi Dao made the relationship between the congregation and the parish governor confirmed the relationship between the diocese governor and the parishioners. Sacrificial wine was made into Tian Shi Dao in Bashu area for 30 years of stable rule, political leniency, religious people living in peace.
【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：B958
本文编号：2279723
[Abstract]:Based on the historical development of Taoism and from the angle of view of the establishment of teaching posts in the early Taoist organizational system, this paper analyzes and interprets the relevant documents about the development of early Taoism. Based on the investigation of the organization of the Taoist order in various periods of early Taoism, this paper probes into the origin, name, basic functions and conditions for promotion of the early Taoist teaching posts. And its impact on the development of Taoism and other issues. At the beginning of early Taoism, the composition of the clergy in the Taoist organization was very complicated, and its origin was mainly from the Wu of the primeval religion, who were proficient in various aspects of the prescription and yin-yang family. Although the clergy of Taoism developed from this, it is very different from Witchcraft, Yin and Yang, Fang Shi. The difference is that Taoism is based on a kind of social organization and is a member of Taoist organization. From the history of the early Taoist development, before the establishment of the monastery system, there were two major types of Taoist organizational system: one was the organization of "integration of politics and religion" or "integration of military and government", which was based on "Fang" or "governance". Secondly, the system of master and apprentice centered on the family. The Taiping Road led by Zhang Jiao in the end of the Han Dynasty established a parish of "36 sides," and set up a "great good teacher, general, eight emissaries, leading canals," a religious organization system, in the form of a close combination of religious activities and political activities. We should establish an organizational system for the integration of military and government. At the same time, the Tianshi Road, founded by Zhang Ling in Bashu area, established the system of offering wine with "governance" as the unit, and set up the hierarchical management system of "Tianshi-Headou sacrifice", "throwing evil orders to sacrifice wine, offering sacrifices to ghosts, officials and ghost pawns". The characteristics of this system are as follows: first, the combination of religion, politics and the military, the establishment of the management system of the unity of government and religion. Professional Taoists have the dual identity of Taoist and official, and form a semi-religious, semi-official relationship with believers. Second, the heavenly teacher, sacrifice wine hereditary immobilization. The stable and strict organization and management system of Tian Shi Dao made the relationship between the congregation and the parish governor confirmed the relationship between the diocese governor and the parishioners. Sacrificial wine was made into Tian Shi Dao in Bashu area for 30 years of stable rule, political leniency, religious people living in peace.
【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：B958
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1 丁强;早期道教教职的研究[D];四川大学;2006年
本文编号：2279723
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