论魏晋僧人对《庄子》的接受

发布时间：2018-10-24 21:21

【摘要】：魏晋以来，汉代经学势衰，以阐扬老庄道家思想为旨趣的玄学成为时代精神的主题。特别是两晋时期，《庄子》受到了玄学家们的广泛青睐，借《庄子》以阐发自己的思想成为一种时尚。而较早于两汉交替之际传入中国的佛教，一直试图借助我国原有的传统文化来寻求自身的生存与发展，对老庄道家思想特别是《庄子》思想的广泛接受是魏晋时期佛教中国化的显著特征。因此本文借助文献记载和学界研究成果，从认同基础、哲学意蕴、意义及影响三个方面对魏晋僧人是如何接受《庄子》的问题进行了再探讨，力求有所收获。首先，从魏晋僧人对《庄子》接受的认同基础上来看，印度佛教思想的传入与魏晋时期玄学的勃兴为僧人接受《庄子》思想提供了良好的契机。汉魏之际，两汉儒家经学对传统文化的影响仍然明显。传统文化的历史继承性和相对稳定性决定了它对外来佛教思想具有一种本能的怀疑与排斥，而此时玄学的勃兴使得本完整的传统文化链条被打开了缺口，于是佛教便有了可趁之机。需要指出的是，汉魏之际佛教僧人在翻译佛经和传播佛教教义的过程中，由于语言与文化环境的不同，，使得佛教僧人积极攀附中国传统文化，特别是老庄思想，这为魏晋时期对《庄子》思想的借鉴和吸收，打下了良好的基础。其次，从魏晋僧人对《庄子》接受的哲学意蕴上来看，魏晋时期佛教僧人从本体论向度和认识论向度对《庄子》的吸收与借鉴尤为明显，主要是对其重要范畴、言说形式、思维方式以及思想理论等方面进行广泛的接受与运用，为佛教教义的深化与发展提供了有益的帮助。特别是对《庄子》思想中“气”论、“道”论以及“无”论思想的吸收与借鉴，为具有有国特色的佛教本体论思想的最终建立提供了理论和方法上的支持。而佛教终极本体的确立后还面临着一个如何认识这一本体的问题，在解决这一问题时，《庄子》又为佛教僧人提供了方法论支持。第三，从魏晋僧人对《庄子》接受的意义与影响来看，僧人群体对《庄子》思想的借鉴与吸收不仅深刻影响了佛教在魏晋时期的发展过程，同时形成的这种“以佛解庄”的研究方法也深刻影响了以后的佛学研究实践。同时，魏晋僧人对《庄子》接受过程也是庄学得到快速发展的过程，魏晋时期的玄学家能够以一种有别与先秦两汉的研究视角来看待《庄子》文本与思想，很有可能受到了佛教思想的影响。
[Abstract]:Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty have declined, and metaphysics, which aims at expounding Lao Zhuang Taoism, has become the theme of the spirit of the times. Especially in the Jin Dynasty, Zhuangzi was widely favored by metaphysics, and it became a fashion to elucidate his thoughts by means of Zhuangzi. Buddhism, which was introduced into China earlier than the alternation of the Han Dynasty, has been trying to seek its own survival and development with the help of our original traditional culture. The wide acceptance of Lao Zhuang Taoist thought, especially Zhuangzi thought, is a remarkable characteristic of Buddhism in Wei and Jin dynasties. Therefore, with the help of literature records and academic research results, this paper discusses how the monks of Wei and Jin dynasties accept Zhuangzi from the three aspects of identification basis, philosophical implication, significance and influence, in order to gain some results. First of all, on the basis of the acceptance of Zhuangzi by monks in Wei and Jin dynasties, the introduction of Indian Buddhist thought and the flourishing of metaphysics in Wei and Jin dynasties provide a good opportunity for monks to accept Zhuangzi's thought. At the time of Han and Wei dynasties, the influence of Confucian classics on traditional culture was still obvious. The historical inheritance and relative stability of traditional culture determine that it has an instinctive suspicion and rejection of foreign Buddhist thoughts, and the rise of metaphysics at this time opens the gap of this complete chain of traditional culture. Then Buddhism had an opportunity to take advantage of it. It should be pointed out that in the process of translating Buddhist scriptures and spreading Buddhist teachings during the Han and Wei dynasties, Buddhist monks actively attached to Chinese traditional culture, especially Laozhuang thought, because of the differences in language and cultural environment. This laid a good foundation for the reference and absorption of Zhuangzi's thought in Wei and Jin dynasties. Secondly, from the view of the philosophical implication of the acceptance of Zhuangzi by the monks in Wei and Jin dynasties, the absorption and reference of Buddhist monks to Zhuangzi from the aspect of ontology and epistemology is particularly obvious, mainly for its important category and the form of speech. The mode of thinking and the theory of thought are widely accepted and applied, which provides beneficial help for the deepening and development of Buddhist doctrine. In particular, the absorption and reference of "Qi", "Tao" and "none" in Zhuangzi's thought provide theoretical and methodological support for the ultimate establishment of Buddhist ontology with national characteristics. After the establishment of the ultimate Noumenon of Buddhism, there is still a problem of how to recognize the Noumenon. In solving this problem, Zhuangzi provides methodological support for Buddhist monks. Thirdly, from the view of the significance and influence of the acceptance of Zhuangzi by the monks in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the reference and absorption of the thought of Zhuangzi not only profoundly affected the development process of Buddhism in the Wei and Jin dynasties. At the same time, this kind of research method also deeply influenced the practice of Buddhism research in the future. At the same time, the acceptance process of Zhuangzi by monks in Wei and Jin dynasties is also the process of the rapid development of Zhuang studies. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin dynasties can view the text and thought of Zhuangzi from a different perspective from that of pre-Qin and Han dynasties. Probably influenced by Buddhist thought.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B235;B949

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