基于InVEST模型的三江平原生境质量评价与动态分析

发布时间：2018-01-07 21:04

本文关键词：基于InVEST模型的三江平原生境质量评价与动态分析　出处：《中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所)》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：三江平原是国家根据区域性生态系统格局、生态环境敏感性以及生态系统服务空间分异规律划定的生态功能区。近半个世纪以来,由于强烈的人类活动给三江平原的自然生态环境造成了巨大的扰动,土地利用/覆被发生的改变致使该区域内生态系统类型空间结构发生变化,进而导致生态系统类型的完整性和生境质量的稳定性遭到不同程度的破坏。开展长时间序列的生境质量评估对区域生态系统服务稳定性的评价和维持生态安全与促进可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以三江平原生境质量评价与动态分析为目标,基于1990年、2000年、2015年三个时期的遥感影像数据,采用面向对象分类方法获取该区域土地覆被空间分布数据,并采用土地利用动态度、马尔科夫转移矩阵和景观格局指数等模型与方法,分析近25年来三江平原土地覆被类型时空格局变化特征;采用InVEST模型进行生境质量评估,结合模型指南、相关文献资料和实地调研分析对其参数进行优化与调整,实现三江平原生境质量的动态评估,并探讨相关环境背景因子对该区域生境质量状态改变的影响。主要的研究结论如下:(1)基于InVEST3.3.2模型生境质量模块,对其生态威胁因子栅格数据集及威胁因子量表、生态系统类型对各威胁因子的敏感度、威胁可达性参数进行本地化调整与优化,得到三江平原1990、2000、2015三期生境退化和生境质量评估结果。(2)由三江平原1990年、2000年、2015年生境退化评估结果可知,整个研究区内属于微弱退化级的面积由1990年的3031km2增加到2000年的3080km2、2015年的3145km2,该级别面积比较大,而且呈小幅增长趋势;轻度退化级和中度退化级的面积次之,并且呈减少的趋势;高度退化级的绝对面积较小,但是增幅较大,分别是1990年的59km2、2000年的67km2和2015年的83km2。从三江平原生境质量的退化面积变化速率上看,2000-2015年的变化速率高于1990-2000年的变化率。此外,从生境退化中高值空间分布上看,主要是围绕人类活动较频繁的居住地、交通、工业用地等人工表面周边区域。(3)三江平原1990-2015年生境质量呈总体下降趋势,生境质量指数由1990年的0.51降低到2015年的0.41,其中1990-2000年各土地覆被类型总的生境质量指数变化率为-16%,2000-2015年为-4%,生境质量下降趋缓。从各地市上看,牡丹江市的生境质量最高,1990年生境质量指数达到0.73,2000年虽有小幅下降,但近年有转好的趋势;与牡丹江市生境状况类似的是鸡西市。生境质量指数最低的是哈尔滨市,1990年仅为0.39,并且近25年来有小幅下降的趋势。生境质量变化剧烈的是佳木斯市,由1990年的0.46降到2015年的0.26。其余地市生境质量虽处中等水平,但都有小幅下降的趋势。不同子流域的生境质量时空差异也很显著:1990年、2000年、2015年三期生境质量指数都在0.8以上(好)的是小绥芬河、罗子沟以下区间、罗子沟以上区间和嘎呀河(不含布尔哈通河)4个流域,其余生境质量等级的流域在研究时段内生境质量存在波动,特别是2015年挠力河口以下流域的生境质量由2000年的较差等级演变为差等级,生境质量指数仅为0.19,属于局部生境恶化的典型区域。(4)从生境质量指数等级时空分布来看,1990年该区生境质量最好,中等级及以上区域占整个研究区的79%,而较差与差等级区域仅占21%。到2000年,中等级及以上生境面积减少明显,仅占44%,相较于1990年下降了35%,然而较差和差等级生境面积增加显著,达到56%。2015年,中等级及以上的生境也占44%,而较差等级减少的部分演化为了差等级;各子流域湿地、林地等自然生态系统与耕地、人工表面等半自然生态系统之间的相互转化导致生境质量空间异质性动态变化。(5)生境质量的变化与地形、气候、植被覆盖率、水系等自然环境背景因子有一定的相关性,同时受人口、社会经济和政策法规等影响显著。研究时期内,生境质量无论是变好还是变差,绝大部分都发生在植被覆盖度较高、海拔较低、坡度平缓且气温和降水适中的区域;同时,生境质量高值区远离水系而低值区趋于水系方向迁移;此外,随着时间推移生境质量与人口、GDP都呈负相关关系的趋势。
[Abstract]:Sanjiang plain is a country based on regional ecosystem structure, ecological function area differentiation pattern delineation ecological sensitivity and ecological system service space. Nearly half a century, due to the natural ecological environment of the mankind to the plains of Sanjiang caused great disturbance, land use / cover change in ecosystem types the spatial structure of the region is changed, which leads to the stability of ecosystems integrity and habitat quality in varying degrees of damage. To carry out the long time series of habitat quality evaluation of regional ecosystem service stability has important significance and maintain ecological safety and promote sustainable development. And the dynamic habitat quality assessment in Sanjiang plain this paper based on the analysis, 1990, 2000 and 2015 three period remote sensing image data, using object oriented classification The method to obtain the spatial distribution of regional land cover data, and the dynamic degree of land use, Markoff transfer matrix and landscape pattern index model and method, analysis of the recent 25 years in Sanjiang plain land cover spatio-temporal pattern type change characteristics; using InVEST model to assess habitat quality, combined with the model guide, related literature and field the investigation and analysis of the optimization and adjustment of its parameters, dynamic evaluation of Sanjiang plain habitat quality, and to explore the influence of related factors on the environmental background of regional habitat quality status changes. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) the InVEST3.3.2 model of habitat quality module based on the ecological threat factor raster dataset and threat factor table, the sensitivity of ecosystems to the threat factor, the threat of accessibility parameters for localization adjustment and optimization of Sanjiang plain 199020002015 three During the period of habitat degradation and habitat quality assessment results. (2) by the Sanjiang plain in 1990, 2000, the assessment results of 2015 habitat degradation, the study area belongs to the weak level of degraded area increased from 3031km2 in 1990 to 3080km22015 in 2000 3145km2 years, the level of the area is relatively large, but also showed a slight increase trend; mild degradation level and the level of moderate degraded area, and showed a decreasing trend; the smaller the absolute height of degradation, but increase, respectively in 1990 and 2015 59km22000 67km2 83km2. from the rate of change of degraded area of Sanjiang plain habitat quality point of view, the changes of 2000-2015 years higher than the rate of change for 1990-2000 years. In addition, the spatial distribution from the perspective of habitat degradation in high value, mainly around the frequent human activities of residence, transportation, industrial land and artificial surface surrounding area. (3) San Jiangping The original 1990-2015 habitat quality showed an overall downward trend, habitat quality index decreased from 0.51 in 1990 to 0.41 in 2015, the 1990-2000 of each land cover type total habitat quality index change rate of -16%, 2000-2015 -4%, habitat quality slowed. From around the city, Mudanjiang City, the habitat quality of the highest 1990 habitat quality index reached 0.732000 years despite a slight decline, but in recent years has improved trend; similar to Mudanjiang City habitat is the city of Jixi. The minimum habitat quality index is the city of Harbin, only 0.39 in 1990, and over the past 25 years, with a slight downward trend. Habitat quality change is the city of Jiamusi, from 1990 0.46 to 2015 0.26. to the rest of the city habitat quality is at the medium level, but has a slight downward trend. Spatial habitat quality differences between different sub basin is also evident: 1990, 2000 In 2015 three habitat quality index is above 0.8 (good) is a small Suifenhe, Luo Luo above following interval, interval and Gaya (excluding Buerhatong) 4 watershed, watershed remaining habitat quality level in the study period of habitat quality fluctuates, especially in 2015 following the Naoli estuarine habitat quality in 2000 by poor grade into poor grades, habitat quality index was only 0.19, is a typical local habitat deterioration. (4) from the habitat quality index distribution, the best habitat quality in the area in 1990, in the regional level and above accounted for 79% of the total study area, while the poor and poor level area only 21%. to 2000, in grade and above the habitat area decreased significantly, accounted for only 44%, compared to 1990 decreased by 35%, but the poor and the poor level of habitat area increased significantly, up to 56%.2015 years in class and to The habitat also accounted for 44%, while the lower level part of the evolution in order to reduce poor grades; each sub basin wetland, forest and other natural ecological system and land, mutual transformation between artificial surface semi natural ecosystem resulted in spatial heterogeneity of habitat quality dynamic change. (5) changes in habitat quality and topography, climate, vegetation the coverage rate, there is a certain correlation between water and other natural environment factors, at the same time by the population, social economy and policy influence significantly. This study period, regardless of habitat quality is getting better or worse, most of them occur in high vegetation coverage, low altitude, gentle slope and moderate regional temperature and precipitation; at the same time, the high value area away from the stream habitat quality and the low value area to water migration; in addition, with the passage of time and habitat quality of the population, GDP were negatively related to the trend.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X826;X87

【参考文献】