农村劳动力转移、化肥过度使用与环境污染

发布时间：2018-03-30 13:31

本文选题：农村劳动力转移　切入点：化肥过度使用　出处：《经济社会体制比较》2017年03期

【摘要】：20世纪80年代初开始,中国农村劳动力由于城镇化与工业化的快速发展大规模地向城市转移。与此同时,农业部门化肥使用量急剧增加:单位面积化肥使用量是世界平均水平的两倍。文章使用一个涵盖全国27个省和直辖市318个村,跨期15年(1987~2002年)的村级层面面板数据,研究了农村劳动力的转移如何影响化肥使用量。通过利用沿海城市和相关省份在不同时间点建立经济特区这一外生事件作为工具变量,文章发现短期外出务工导致单位面积化肥使用量大幅度增加。这表明由于农村劳动力转移导致农业劳动力的减少,农民使用化肥来代替需要较多劳力的有机肥。研究进一步发现,单位面积化肥使用量越高,下一年使用量会更高。这说明化肥的有效性在下降,土地肥力在下降,农民为保证产量不得不逐年使用更多的化肥。文章最后发现化肥的过度使用与我国河流湖泊的有机物污染相关。这表明工业化不仅直接造成水污染,而且通过影响农村地区劳动力的供给影响化肥的使用,间接导致水体污染。
[Abstract]:Since the early 1980s, China's rural labor force has been transferred to cities on a large scale due to the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization. The use of chemical fertilizer in the agricultural sector has increased sharply: the use of fertilizer per unit area is twice the world average. This paper uses a panel data at the village level covering 318 villages in 27 provinces and municipalities of the whole country, covering a period of 15 years to 1987-2002). This paper studies how the transfer of rural labor force affects the use of chemical fertilizer. By using the exogenous event of establishing special economic zones in coastal cities and related provinces at different points in time as a tool variable, The paper found that short-term migrant workers resulted in a large increase in the use of fertilizer per unit area. This indicates that the agricultural labor force is reduced due to the transfer of rural labor. Farmers use fertiliser instead of organic fertilizer that requires more labor. The study further found that the higher the use of fertilizer per unit area, the higher the use next year. This suggests that the availability of fertilizers is declining and the fertility of the land is declining. Farmers have to use more chemical fertilizers year after year to ensure their output. Finally, it is found that the excessive use of chemical fertilizers is related to the organic pollution of rivers and lakes in China. This shows that industrialization not only directly causes water pollution, And by affecting the supply of labor in rural areas affect the use of chemical fertilizers, indirectly leading to water pollution.
【作者单位】：中央财经大学经济学院;以色列希伯来大学;国际食物政策研究所;
【分类号】：F323.6;S143;X71

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