碳税与碳交易：中国减排制度的选择与设计

发布时间：2018-04-09 22:13

本文选题：碳排放　切入点：碳税　出处：《上海社会科学院》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：工业革命以来,人类的经济活动尤其是对化石能源的消费行为产生了大量的温室气体,其中以二氧化碳为主。温室气体在大气层内大量停留,形成了过于严重的温室效应,使得地球平均温度升高,由此引发的海平面上升、气候干旱等现象严重威胁人类的生存。因此,国际社会要求各国减少以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体的排放。各国一般主要执行的减排政策有征收碳税和执行碳排放权交易制度。前者主要是针对社会消费化石能源的行为进行征税,以此增加社会消费化石能源的成本,减少温室气体的排放。后者则是将碳排放权分放给需要的企业,企业则根据自己的实际情况在排放权的二级市场出售多余配额或购买紧缺的配额。企业为了降低成本或者增加货币收入,会选择减产或采用新技术进行节能减排的策略,由此逐渐降低整个社会的温室气体排放量,达到减缓气候变暖趋势的目的。我国目前已经开始了碳排放权交易的试点,且初步具备了一定的实践经验。同时,我国计划在2020年前后开始征收碳税。届时我国将成为同时实行碳税与碳交易制度的减排政策的国家。由于我国目前还是发展中国家,所以应当将保证国民经济平稳运行作为首要目标,竭力避免环保政策对经济的过度冲击。为了对这一可能性进行分析,根据统计年鉴的数据,对柯布-道格拉斯函数进行适当变形,采取双对数模型的方式,将碳税对GDP以及能源消费量、劳动力就业和出口等方面的影响进行实证分析。另外,鉴于我国已经开始实行碳排放权交易制度的试点,因此针对其已经运行的情况进行SWOT分析,并得出相关组合式的策略。我国的碳排放制度应当针对大型排放源进行严格管控,强制纳入排放权交易的体系中来,同时,针对小型和分散性较强的排放源,则应对其征收碳税。除此之外,应着重改善能源结构,加强对可再生能源的开发和利用,加强对相关产业的补贴机制的研究和应用,才能在最大程度上遏制温室气体排放增量不断增加的势头。
[Abstract]:Since the Industrial Revolution, human economic activities, especially the consumption of fossil energy, have produced a large amount of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide.Greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere in large quantities, forming too serious Greenhouse Effect, which makes the average temperature of the earth rise, resulting in sea level rise, climate drought and other phenomena seriously threaten the survival of human beings.Therefore, the international community calls on countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions represented by carbon dioxide.The main emission reduction policies are carbon tax and carbon trading system.In order to increase the cost of fossil energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the former is mainly to tax the behavior of social consumption of fossil energy.The latter is the division of carbon emission rights to the need of enterprises, according to their own actual situation in the secondary market emissions rights to sell surplus quotas or buy scarce quotas.In order to reduce the cost or increase the money income, enterprises will choose the strategy of reducing production or adopting new technology to save energy and reduce emissions, thus gradually reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the whole society and achieve the goal of slowing down the trend of global warming.At present, China has started the pilot of carbon emissions trading, and has initially had some practical experience.At the same time, our country plans to start collecting carbon tax around 2020.At that time, China will become a carbon tax and carbon trading system of emission reduction policy.Since China is still a developing country at present, we should take ensuring the smooth operation of national economy as the primary goal and try our best to avoid the excessive impact of environmental protection policies on the economy.In order to analyze this possibility, according to the data from the statistical yearbook, the Cobb-Douglas function is modified appropriately, and the carbon tax is applied to GDP and energy consumption in the form of a double logarithmic model.The influence of labor force employment and export is analyzed empirically.In addition, in view of the pilot of carbon emission trading system in China, the SWOT analysis is carried out in view of the operation of the system, and the related combined strategies are obtained.The carbon emission system of our country should be strictly controlled for the large emission sources and be mandatory into the emissions trading system. At the same time, the carbon tax should be levied on the small and dispersed emissions sources.In addition, the energy structure should be improved, the development and utilization of renewable energy should be strengthened, and the research and application of subsidy mechanism for related industries should be strengthened in order to contain the increasing momentum of greenhouse gas emissions to the greatest extent.
【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X196;F812.42

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