万州区农村面源污染调查研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 06:19

本文选题：农村面源污染 + 农户行为　；参考：《重庆三峡学院》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：加强生态涵养与保护是重庆"两翼"地区的首要任务,万州区属渝东北生态涵养发展区,长江横贯东西,次级河流纵横交错,水资源丰富。但随着农村经济社会的快速发展,万州区农村面源污染问题已十分突出,加强万州区农村面源污染防治已刻不容缓。本文以重庆市万州区统计年鉴和万州区长岭镇、分水镇、余家镇、后山镇、弹子镇、太龙镇、新田镇等地调查数据为基础,对万州农村面源污染总体形势、农户生产生活行为特征、镇乡污水垃圾处理等环保基础设施建设情况进行调查分析,主要结论有:一、万州区面源污染物排放总量巨大且短期内难以缩减。通过单元调查法对万州区农村面源污染现状的估算,2015年万州区进入环境的过剩农药总量超过923.2吨,化肥、畜禽粪便等排放的C0D、总氮和总磷入河总量分别达到29822.5盹、5630.7吨和2728.8吨,农村生活垃圾年产量约为42.5万吨。并根据有关文献研究成果和库兹涅茨倒U型曲线原理推断,在农村经济快速发展的同时,尤其是经济作物、养殖业的大力发展以及农村居民生活水平的不断提高,万州区面源污染物排放总量将不断增长。二、农户的生产生活行为是农村面源污染的根本原因。调查发现,万州区农户在生产生活行为存在着大量的错误或者不合理行为,比如:误认为化肥施用与产出成正比关系,造成化肥施用总量逐年增加;农作物秸秆回收利用不充分,大量秸秆就地焚烧;畜禽粪便储存设施落后,畜禽粪便随意现象比较普遍;生活垃圾随意丢弃,垃圾围村现象比较突出,大雨暴雨成为了快速清运垃圾的"有效""便捷"方式。三、农村环保处理设施最后一公里亟需解决。调查发现,近年万州区农村环保设施加快建设,初步实现了镇乡污水处理厂、垃圾收运站全覆盖,全区各镇乡具备生活垃圾、污水无害化处理的能力,但大多数污水处理厂二三级管网不配套,非场镇农村地区垃圾池、垃圾桶等收集设施不完善,污水垃圾收集率低,污水处理厂、垃圾收运体系效能未能得到有效发挥。四、农村面源污染防治体制机制不够完善。从万州区级层面看,由于各种原因,农村面源污染防治具有显明的运动式特点,系统性的面源污染防治体制机制不够完善,农村面源污染防治相关制度、防治措施、面源污染源的防控主要以区级部门文件为基础,缺乏全区性、系统性的有关规划或实施方案。综上所述,本论文在阅读大量文献的基础之上,根据专家学者对农村面源污染防治建议,结合万州区实际,灵活应用,认为:农户是决定一个措施成败的重要因素,必须在照顾农户利益的情况下,积极引导农户参与农村面源污染防治,才能全面有效的推进农村面源污染防治工作,建议万州区从以下几个方面加以入手:一要建立健全农村面源污染防治制度。要尽快出台《农村面源污染防治办法》《农村面源污染防治实施方案》,建立完善农村面源污染防治目标体系、督查考核办法和奖励处罚机制,并呼吁重庆市加快推进市级层面甚至全国性的农村面源污染防治相关法规或规章制度。二要加强农村面源污染物源头控制。要加大对万州区化肥、农药、农膜等农资产品质量监测和监管,严禁高污染高排放量化肥品种流入市场,全面禁止销售和使用剧毒、高残留农药,推广可降解农膜等。要加快关闭和搬迁禁养区所有畜禽养殖业和限养区内部分畜禽养殖业,加快畜禽养殖场废弃物综合利用和污染治理配套设施建设。要加大对不符合规定的水产养殖业的排查,全面取缔水库、河流等地网箱养鱼和投饵养鱼。要优化调整"镇乡收集、区运输处置"模式,探索建立垃圾"农户分类、村社收集、镇乡清运、区级处置"四级垃圾处置模式。三要合理引导农村居民生产生活行为。防治农村面源污染的根本还在于农民,要强化生态文明宣传教育,增强全民保护生态环境的法治意识;要加强农业生产技能技术培训,向农民宣传农村面源污染的危害和防治办法,引导农民合理科学使用农药化肥。四要加大农村面源污染防治投入。要加快推进农村居民点建设,提升农村居民居住集中度。要进一步增加农村财政资金投入占比,促进农村基础设施尤其是环保基础设施发展,适当增加农村一线工作者财政补贴。要加快完善已建成污染处理厂二三级管网建设和村社垃圾收集池建设,实现管网户户通、农户500米有垃圾收集池。五是提高环境监测监察能力。深入推进环境监察标准化建设,完善区级部门、镇乡街道、村社四级环境监管网络,实现"网格化"管理全覆盖。推动镇乡街道环保机构标准化建设,实现镇乡专门环保机构与专职人员全覆盖。加强各镇乡街道环境监测设施建设,合理设置水质土壤监测站点,实现农村环境常态化监测。
[Abstract]:Strengthening ecological conservation and protection is the primary task of Chongqing "two wings" area, Wanzhou district belongs to the ecological conservation development area in Northeast Chongqing, the Yangtze River crosses the East and the west, the secondary rivers cross crisscross, and the water resources are rich. But with the rapid development of the rural economy and society, the problem of rural non-point source pollution in Wanzhou district has been very prominent, and the pollution prevention and control of rural area source in Wanzhou district is strengthened. This article is based on the statistical yearbook of Wanzhou District of Chongqing and Changling town of Wanzhou, Changling Town, Fen Shui Town, Yu Jia town, Hou Shan town, Taung Town, Tai Long Town, Xintian Town, etc., on the overall situation of pollution in rural areas in Wanzhou, the characteristics of farmers' production and living behavior, and the construction of environmental infrastructure construction of town and township sewage disposal and so on. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the total amount of the pollutant discharge in Wanzhou area is huge and it is difficult to reduce in the short term. Through the unit survey method, the total amount of agricultural pollution in the rural area of Wanzhou district is estimated. In 2015, the total amount of the surplus pesticide into the environment in the Wanzhou district is more than 923.2 tons, the chemical fertilizer, livestock and poultry excrement and so on, the total nitrogen and total phosphorus into the river total. Do not reach 29822.5 naps, 5630.7 tons and 2728.8 tons, the annual output of rural domestic waste is about 425 thousand tons. According to the relevant literature research results and the Kuznets inverted U curve principle, it is concluded that the rapid development of the rural economy, especially the economic crops, the vigorous development of the aquaculture industry and the continuous improvement of the living standard of rural residents, Wanzhou District The total discharge of non-point source pollutants will continue to increase. Two, the production and living behavior of farmers is the fundamental cause of rural non-point source pollution. The survey found that there are a lot of wrong or unreasonable behavior in the production and living behavior of farmers in Wanzhou District, for example, it is mistaken that the application of chemical fertilizer is in direct proportion to the output, resulting in the increase of the total amount of fertilizer application year by year. The recovery and utilization of crop straw is insufficient, a large number of straw is incineration on the spot, the storage facilities of livestock and poultry manure are backward, and the random phenomena of livestock and poultry manure are common; the living garbage is discarded at will, the phenomenon of garbage collection is more prominent, the heavy rain and heavy rain has become the "effective" way of "effective" for the rapid transportation of garbage. Three, the last kilometre of environmental treatment facilities in rural areas is in urgent need. The investigation found that in recent years, the rural environmental protection facilities in Wanzhou district have been accelerated, and the township sewage treatment plants, garbage collection stations are fully covered, the township and Township township has the capacity of living garbage and sewage disposal, but most of the sewage treatment plants are not equipped with the two or three level pipe network, and the garbage Pooles and garbage cans in the rural areas of the town are collected and set up. The efficiency of sewage garbage collection is low, the efficiency of sewage treatment plant and garbage collection system has not been effectively played. Four, the system mechanism of rural non-point source pollution prevention and control is not perfect. From the level of Wanzhou district level, because of various reasons, the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in rural areas has obvious transport characteristics and systematic mechanism for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution. Not perfect, the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution control system, prevention and control measures, the prevention and control of the source of non-point source pollution mainly based on the district level department documents, lack of whole district, systematic related plan or implementation plan. In summary, this paper is based on reading a large number of documents, according to the experts and scholars' suggestions on prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution. The practical and flexible application of Wanzhou district holds that farmers are an important factor in determining the success or failure of a measure. We must actively guide the farmers to participate in the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution in the case of caring for the interests of the farmers, so that the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution can be promoted in an all-round and effective way. It is suggested that the Wanzhou district should start from the following aspects: first, establish and improve it. The system of prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution should be promulgated as soon as possible, "measures for prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution > < implementation scheme of rural non-point source pollution prevention and control), to establish and perfect the target system for prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution, to supervise and evaluate and reward and punish mechanism, and to urge Chongqing to speed up the relevant laws of the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution at the municipal level and even the national level. Regulations or rules and regulations. Two to strengthen the control of the source of rural non-point source pollutants. Increase the monitoring and supervision of the quality of agricultural products, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films in Wanzhou, strictly prohibit the inflow of high pollution and high emission chemical fertilizer varieties into the market, prohibit the sale and use of highly toxic chemicals, high residues of pesticide, and the promotion of degradable agricultural film. All livestock and poultry breeding and some livestock breeding in restricted areas should be raised to speed up the construction of comprehensive utilization of waste and pollution control facilities for livestock and poultry farms. The mode is to establish the four level garbage disposal mode of "classification of farmers, village community collection, township and township clearing, district disposal". Three to rationally guide the production and living behavior of rural residents. The root of the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution lies in farmers, strengthening the publicity and education of ecological civilization, strengthening the consciousness of the rule of law for the protection of the ecological environment of the whole people, and strengthening the agricultural students. Production skills and technology training, to farmers to publicize the hazards of rural non-point source pollution and prevention and control measures, guide farmers to rational and scientific use of pesticides and fertilizers. Four to increase the investment in rural non-point source pollution prevention and control. To accelerate the construction of rural residential areas, promote rural residents' residential concentration. To further increase the rural financial investment ratio, promote rural areas, and promote rural areas. The infrastructure, especially the environmental infrastructure development, should be properly added to the financial subsidies for the rural front-line workers. To speed up the construction of the two or three grade pipe network construction and the construction of the village social garbage collection pool, to realize the network household and the 500 meters of the garbage collection pool, five is to improve the environmental monitoring and supervision ability. Standardization construction, improvement of district departments, town and Township street, village community four level environmental supervision network, realizing the full coverage of "grid" management, promoting the standardization construction of Township street environmental protection institutions, realizing the full coverage of special environmental protection institutions and full-time personnel in town and township, strengthening the construction of Township Street environmental monitoring facilities and setting up the water quality soil monitoring station in a reasonable way. Environmental monitoring in rural areas is now being monitored.

【学位授予单位】：重庆三峡学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X52

【参考文献】