输油管道泄漏污染物扩散及其激光检测研究

发布时间：2018-08-06 17:50

【摘要】：石油工业是经济发展的血液,管道运输是石油工业的主干动脉,维护输送管道的安全稳定运行已经成为油气产业的重要主题。人为因素和自然因素会导致输油管道发生泄漏,输油管道的泄漏不仅影响了正常输送,并且还造成人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。输油管道泄漏检测是保障管道安全可靠运行的必要手段。目前,激光技术由于其非接触、快速测量等优点在输油管道泄漏污染物地面检测中具有潜在的应用前景,但是泄漏区域污染物扩散特征、污染物光学物性均对其检测产生了一定的影响,因此开展输油管道泄漏污染物扩散及其激光检测研究具有重要的应用价值。本文以输油管道泄漏污染物为研究对象,结合实验测量和数值模拟两种手段,研究了泄漏油类污染物扩散及其光谱特征,分析了油类污染物介质的光谱特性。在此基础上,数值研究了泄漏条件对于埋地、水域输油管道泄漏污染物扩散及油类污染物激光检测的影响。开展了土壤红外热像实验,并通过搭建激光检测实验台研究了测量条件对油类污染物激光检测的影响。主要研究内容如下:1.实验介质光谱测量实验。实验测量石油和含油污水的红外透射光谱,采用双厚度‖法反演得到了石油的光学常数,折射率在1.814~1.901之间,吸收指数在0.0261~0.0488之间,结合已有水光学常数的公开文献数据,计算水的反射比为0.036,可以获得地面含油污水的反射特性。2.建立了输油管道泄漏污染物传质过程二维计算模型。通过FLUENT软件模拟分析了泄漏条件对埋地、水域输油管道泄漏油类污染物扩散影响,结合反演石油光学常数,分析了激光检测中地面、水面油类污染物的光学特征。泄漏孔径、泄漏位置和泄漏速度均对泄漏污染物的扩散影响较大,油品密度、粘度和含水率影响则相对较小。激光检测与含油率和油膜厚度密切相关,地面、水面含油率和油膜厚度越大,激光检测强度越大;水面溢油扩散到同一位置的时间越长,造成可检测区域更广。3.土壤红外热像实验及油类污染物的激光检测实验。开展了含油土壤的红外热像实验,分析了太阳辐照时间和含油量对于含油土壤表面红外特性的影响。搭建了地面油类污染物激光检测实验台,测量了地面油类污染物光学特性,分析了激光入射角度和测量距离对其检测的影响。激光入射角度增大,无污染土壤和含油土壤的漫射激光强度增大;激光测量距离增大,无污染土壤和含油土壤漫射激光强度减小。通过本文的研究,获得了石油和含油污水的红外光谱特性和埋地、水域输油管道泄漏扩散规律,以及激光入射角度和测量距离对油类污染物激光检测影响,为输油管道泄漏激光检测技术发展提供了一定的参考依据。
[Abstract]:Petroleum industry is the blood of economic development, pipeline transportation is the main artery of petroleum industry, maintaining the safe and stable operation of pipeline has become an important subject of oil and gas industry. Human factors and natural factors will lead to oil pipeline leakage, oil pipeline leakage not only affected the normal transportation, but also caused casualties and huge economic losses. Oil pipeline leakage detection is a necessary means to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the pipeline. At present, laser technology has potential application prospect in ground detection of leakage pollutants in oil pipeline due to its advantages of non-contact and rapid measurement, but the characteristics of pollutant diffusion in leakage area. The optical properties of pollutants have a certain influence on their detection, so it is of great value to study the diffusion of pollutants in oil pipelines and their laser detection. In this paper, the diffusion and spectral characteristics of leaking oil pollutants are studied by means of experimental measurement and numerical simulation, and the spectral characteristics of oil pollutant media are analyzed. On this basis, the effects of leakage conditions on the diffusion of leaking pollutants and laser detection of oil pollutants in buried and water pipelines are studied numerically. The experiment of infrared thermal imaging of soil was carried out, and the influence of measuring conditions on the laser detection of oil pollutants was studied by building a laser test bench. The main research contents are as follows: 1. Experimental medium spectrum measurement experiment. The infrared transmission spectra of oil and oily sewage were measured experimentally. The optical constants of petroleum were obtained by using the double thickness method. The refractive index was between 1.814 and 1.901, and the absorption index was between 0.0261 and 0.0488. The reflection characteristics of oily sewage on the ground can be obtained by calculating the reflectance ratio of water is 0.036. A two-dimensional model for mass transfer process of oil pipeline leakage pollutants is established. The effects of leakage conditions on the diffusion of oil pollutants in buried and water pipelines are simulated by FLUENT software. The optical characteristics of surface and surface oil pollutants in laser detection are analyzed by inversion of oil optical constants. The leakage pore size, leakage location and leakage velocity all have a great influence on the diffusion of leaking pollutants, while the oil density, viscosity and moisture content are relatively small. Laser detection is closely related to oil content and oil film thickness. The higher the oil content and oil film thickness on the surface, the greater the laser detection intensity, and the longer the oil spill spread to the same position, the wider the detectable area is. Infrared thermal imaging of soil and laser detection of oil pollutants. The effects of solar irradiation time and oil content on the infrared characteristics of oil-bearing soils were analyzed. An experimental platform for laser detection of surface oil pollutants was set up. The optical properties of surface oil pollutants were measured. The influence of laser incident angle and measuring distance on the detection was analyzed. With the increase of laser incidence angle, the diffuse laser intensity of non-polluted soil and oil-bearing soil increases, and the laser measurement distance increases, and the diffuse laser intensity decreases in non-polluted soil and oil-bearing soil. Through the research in this paper, the infrared spectrum characteristics of oil and oily sewage, the regularity of leakage and diffusion of oil pipeline in water area, and the influence of laser incident angle and measuring distance on the laser detection of oil pollutants are obtained. It provides a certain reference for the development of laser detection technology for oil pipeline leakage.
【学位授予单位】：东北石油大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X830;TE88;O657.3

【参考文献】