美国页岩气革命及其影响研究

发布时间：2017-12-27 01:19

本文关键词：美国页岩气革命及其影响研究　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：能源安全是各国面临的普遍性问题,随着世界经济的发展,人类社会在取得巨大发展成果的同时,面临着资源短缺、环境污染等多重挑战,寻找新的更有利于可持续发展的能源资源成为解决问题的关键。而美国的页岩气革命为世界其他国家提供了有益的经验借鉴。早在1821年,美国就已经钻探出了第一口页岩气井。美国政府对能源独立的追求构成页岩气革命的重要背景,丰富的页岩气资源储量和完善的基础设施为页岩气革命的成功提供了可能,技术的突破性进展是页岩气革命的关键。从成效上看,页岩气产量的快速增长导致天然气价格大幅下降,为美国的再工业化提供了动力,而页岩油的获得也使得美国石油产量大幅增加,美国距离能源独立之梦越来越近。页岩气革命优化了美国的能源结构,促进了节能减排;增强了自身能源供给的能力,也有利于能源的出口。然而,页岩气的开发并非只有积极成效,所带来的消极影响也同样值得注意。相对于石油和煤炭而言,页岩气是更加清洁的化石能源,但是页岩气的主要成分是甲烷,自身的温室效应比二氧化碳更为严重。页岩气开发的过程中,可能带来甲烷泄漏、水污染、微型地震等自然环境的破坏,同时过低的天然气价格也打击了页岩气开发商的积极性。因此,世界各国应该审慎开发页岩气资源。页岩气革命对世界其他国家和地区也造成了一些影响。对于欧洲而言,页岩气革命拓宽了欧洲的能源进口渠道,有利于摆脱对于俄罗斯能源进口的依赖。同时,也为以中、日、韩为代表的亚太地区的能源进口提供更多可能。对于邻国而言,既增加了油气进口,又刺激了非常规油气产业的繁荣。然而,中东和俄罗斯的能源出口面临严峻的挑战,世界能源格局也将进一步变革。中国作为世界第二大经济体,对能源的需求日益紧迫,美国的页岩气革命为中国开发利用页岩气提供了重要参考。当前,中国的页岩气开发还存在很多问题,资源条件不足、法律法规不够完善、市场机制缺失等问题仍较严重。学习借鉴美国页岩气开发的成功经验,有利于我国页岩气的开发和利用。本文定义了页岩气的内涵,界定了页岩气革命的概念。分析了美国页岩气革命的背景,梳理了美国页岩气开发的历程,分析了美国政府为支持页岩气开发所采取的政策手段和美国相对完善的市场机制,同时总结出美国页岩气革命的特点和动因,指出美国页岩气开发中存在的问题,探索适合我国页岩气开发的路径。
[Abstract]:Energy security is a common problem faced by all countries, with the development of the world economy, human society has made great achievements at the same time, facing a shortage of resources, environmental pollution and other challenges, the key to solve the problem to find new and more conducive to the sustainable development of energy resources. The shale gas revolution in the United States has provided useful experience for other countries in the world. As early as 1821, the United States had explored the first shale gas well. The US government's pursuit of energy independence constitutes an important background for shale gas revolution. Abundant shale gas reserves and improved infrastructure provide the possibility for the success of shale gas revolution. Technological breakthrough is the key to shale gas revolution. From the point of view of efficiency, the rapid growth of shale gas production has led to a sharp decline in natural gas prices, which has provided impetus for the re industrialization of the United States, and the acquisition of shale oil has greatly increased the US oil production, and the US is closer to the dream of energy independence. The shale gas revolution optimizes the energy structure of the United States, promotes energy conservation and emission reduction, increases the capacity of its own energy supply, and is also conducive to the export of energy. However, the development of shale gas is not only positive, but the negative effects are also worthy of attention. Shale gas is a more clean fossil fuel than oil and coal, but the main component of shale gas is methane, and its greenhouse effect is more serious than carbon dioxide. During the development of shale gas, the natural environment such as methane leakage, water pollution and microseism can be destroyed. Meanwhile, the low natural gas price also hit the enthusiasm of shale gas developers. Therefore, all countries in the world should carefully develop shale gas resources. The shale gas revolution has also had some impact on other countries and regions of the world. For Europe, the shale gas revolution has widened Europe's energy import channels and helped to get rid of its dependence on Russian energy imports. At the same time, it also provides more possibilities for energy imports in the Asia Pacific region, which are represented by China, Japan and Korea. For neighbouring countries, it not only increased oil and gas imports, but also stimulated the prosperity of the unconventional oil and gas industry. However, energy exports in the Middle East and Russia are facing severe challenges, and the world energy pattern will be further changed. As the second largest economy in the world, the demand for energy is becoming increasingly urgent. The shale gas revolution in the United States provides an important reference for the development and utilization of shale gas in China. At present, there are still many problems in shale gas development in China, such as insufficient resource conditions, inadequate laws and regulations, and lack of market mechanism. Learning from the successful experience of shale gas development in the United States is beneficial to the development and utilization of shale gas in China. In this paper, the connotation of shale gas is defined, and the concept of shale gas revolution is defined. Analysis of the U.S. shale gas revolution background, history of American shale gas development has combed, analyzed by the American government to support the development of shale gas in the United States policy and relatively perfect market mechanism, and summarizes the characteristics and reasons of the U.S. shale gas revolution, points out the existing problems in the development of shale gas in the United States, to explore the path suitable for the development of shale gas in china.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F416.22

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