美国荒野保护观的生态哲学研究

发布时间：2018-01-04 02:26

本文关键词：美国荒野保护观的生态哲学研究　出处：《苏州科技大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在人与自然矛盾日渐突出的今天,生态问题成为了当代国际学术研究的重要话题。而美国作为当今的超级大国,在环境问题上的理念与政策走向一直备受关注。自19世纪起,美国的环境保护主义者们便开始反思人与自然的关系。由于美国独特的地理环境,荒野日益成为了美国开发与环境保护争论的焦点,由此美国荒野保护理念及其实践成为了美国发展和环境保护历史进程中较为重要的议题之一。论文从生态哲学角度出发,通过对相关著作和政策文献的深层挖掘,对美国荒野保护观进行了较为系统的梳理概括和解读。绪论主要介绍了美国荒野保护观的研究背景、研究意义以及相关文献综述。第一章主要对美国荒野保护观做了历史的考察,分析了荒野保护观产生的背景及其兴起与发展。19世纪末到20世纪初是美国荒野保护观诞生的时期,在此之前,美国正经历着工业化和城市化的快速发展,由农业国向工业国转变,对资源环境的破坏随之日益严重。美国在文化上崇尚自由民主并渴望寻找与欧洲不同的文化根基,同时,随着生态学、进化论等自然科学的诞生,人们对自然的认识有所改观。在此时代背景下,浪漫主义最先关注荒野,并且展开了浪漫主义的荒野保护运动。然而,此时并没有从哲学层面展开深层研究,直到超验主义的代表梭罗提出了基于超验主义的荒野保护观,才将荒野保护提升到了哲学层面加以思考。美国荒野保护观便在荒野保护运动的推动下孕育产生,其发展过程也充满争议。所以,荒野保护者们不断地修正荒野保护观,试图让其符合时代进步所需。第二章主要介绍了美国荒野保护观的流派及内容。在学界,对美国荒野保护观并没有流派的分类,笔者根据各流派的思想特征对其进行尝试性分类,依据人类中心主义与非人类中心主义对荒野保护的出发点和落脚点的不同,将从生态哲学角度美国主要的荒野保护观分为四大类,即基于超验主义的荒野保护观、弱人类中心主义的荒野保护观、自然保护主义的荒野保护观以及生态整体主义的荒野保护观,并分别对其内容展开了较为深入的分析。第三章主要阐述了美国荒野保护观的共识与争论。在美国荒野保护观中,不管是人类中心主义还是非人类中心主义,两者都在荒野价值和荒野保护的必要性上是认同的。除了学术共识以外,主要争论有关于荒野保护的具体方式之争、模式之争、公平之争以及本质之争。在美国荒野保护观影响不断扩大的同时,争议也随之扩大,从本国内部的公平问题扩大到与第三世界的公平问题,不仅有生态整体主义的内部争论也有人类中心主义与非人类中心主义的争论。虽然争论频发,但是也推动了荒野保护观的进步与发展。第四章主要分析了美国荒野保护观的影响及对我国的启示。美国荒野保护观对本土和国际均产生了较大的影响。国家公园制度的建立、相关法案的完善以及民间环境组织的发展都与美国荒野保护观的推动相关。如今全球建立了上千个国家公园,各国对荒野保护均有所关注,这些成果与美国荒野保护观密不可分。于我国而言,美国荒野保护观产生发展的历史时期与我国当前有相似之处,所以对我国当前生态文明建设有积极的启示意义。在城市化进程中美国荒野保护观和荒野保护立法等对策举措以及期间产生的生态哲学理念方面,对我国的生态哲学的发展与荒野保护决策与实践均有参考价值。目前,生态问题是我国关注的焦点,荒野保护不仅随着生态哲学的研究而突显学界研究的前沿领域,而且也正在越来越多地进入国家和地方政府生态文明建设的战略决策与公众生态环保实践之中。自2008年我国第一个国家公园于黑龙江建成,国家公园制度随之成为我国荒野保护的方式之一。当然,我国依然处于发展中国家,所以环境保护与经济发展并重更适用于我国国情。环境问题不是一天能够解决的,我国荒野保护的研究与实践依然任重而道远。
[Abstract]:The contradiction between man and nature has become increasingly prominent today, the ecological problem has become an important research topic in contemporary international academic. And the United States as the superpower, ideas and policies on environmental issues have been of concern. Since nineteenth Century, environmentalists in the United States have started to rethink the relationship between man and nature as. The unique geographical environment, has become the American wilderness development and environmental protection in the focus of the debate, the American wilderness protection theory and practice has become one of the most important problems on the development and environmental protection in the course of history. From the perspective of ecological philosophy, through the deep excavation works and related policy documents, are discussed the summary and interpretation of the American wilderness. The introduction mainly introduces the research background of American wilderness protection concept, significance and related documents Literature review. The first chapter of the American wilderness protection concept of history study, analysis of the wilderness concept background and the rise and development of.19 at the end of the century to the beginning of twentieth Century is the period of American wilderness protection concept was born before the United States is experiencing rapid development of industrialization and city, changing from an agricultural country to in industrial countries, damaging the environment and resources will become increasingly serious. In American culture advocating democracy and freedom and the desire to find the cultural foundation, unlike in Europe at the same time, with the birth of ecology, evolution and natural science, people have improved understanding of nature. Under this background, the first concern of romantic wilderness, and the conservation movement of romanticism. However, as there is no in-depth research from the angle of philosophy, until Transcendentalism proposed Thoreau wilderness based on Transcendentalism View, will the wilderness to philosophical thinking. In view of the American wilderness protection to promote the conservation movement produced, its development process is also controversial. Therefore, wilderness activists constantly revised wilderness concept, trying to make it accord with the progress of the times required. The second chapter mainly introduces the genre and the content of American wilderness protection concept. In academic circles, and no genre classification of American wilderness protection concept, according to the characteristics of various schools of thought on the tentative classification, on the basis of anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism of wilderness protection of the starting point and end point, the United States mainly from the perspective of ecological philosophy. The wilderness view is divided into four categories, namely wilderness Transcendentalism based on concept of wilderness weak anthropocentric, wilderness natural protection and ecological holism concept The concept of wilderness, and each of its content and launched a more in-depth analysis. The third chapter mainly elaborates the concept of American wilderness consensus and debate. In the United States wilderness view, regardless of anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism, both the necessity and value in the wilderness wilderness protection is recognized in addition to the academic consensus. Besides, there are specific ways of wilderness protection for the main arguments, mode of dispute, fair dispute and essence of the dispute. In the American wilderness protection effect on expanding at the same time, the dispute also increases, expanding from the internal fairness to fairness and the third world, internal debate. Not only the ecological holism is anthropocentrism and non anthropocentrism debate. Although the debate frequently, but also promote the progress and development of wilderness protection concept. The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the Influence of American wilderness concept and Its Enlightenment to China. The American wilderness protection concept of local and international have great influence. The establishment of the national park system, promote the development of legislation and the perfection of civil environmental organizations and the American wilderness conservation concept. Now the whole ball set up thousands of national park the countries of concern to the wilderness, all these results with the American wilderness protection concept are inseparable. In China, the United States wilderness concept development history and the current period are similar, so the current ecology of China's Ming construction has positive significance. The ecological philosophy in the process of city in the wilderness and wilderness protection legislation and measures during the period of the ecological philosophy in China's development and conservation policy and practice to have reference value. At present, students State issues are the focus of concern in China, not only with the wilderness ecological philosophy research and academic research highlight of the frontier, but also is more and more into the strategic decision-making and public ecological environmental protection practice of ecological civilization construction of state and local government. Since 2008, China's first National Park in Heilongjiang built national park the system will become one of China's wilderness protection way. Of course, China is still in the developing countries, so the environmental protection and economic development is more suitable to the situation of our country. The environmental problems is not a day can be solved, the research and practice of our country wilderness protection is still a long way to go.

【学位授予单位】：苏州科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X2-02

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