基于土地覆被的黄河源区生态系统服务功能评估及预测

发布时间：2018-04-16 14:18

本文选题：土地覆被 + 生态系统服务功能　；参考：《甘肃农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,随着经济的发展,人类日渐频繁的活动极大的的引起了土地利用/覆被的变化,这不仅损害了自然环境生态系统服务功能,而且影响到人类社会、经济与生态环境的可持续发展。千年生态系统评估报告指出,全球近60%的生态系统服务正在或已经发生着退化,维护生态系统服务功能受到大家的普遍关注,生态系统服务功能评估对于指导区域可持续发展具有重要意义,成为目前研究的热点和前沿。生态系统为人类提供多种多样的产品和服务,是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。水源供给及土壤保持功能作为重要的生态系统服务,不仅是土壤形成、植被固着、水源涵养等的重要基础,也是生态安全保障的重要方面。定量评估生态系统服务功能及价值的方法主要是基于GIS的生态系统服务功能价值评估及权衡模型,在国内外均已经有较为成功的应用成果。对生态系统服务功能的定量研究可以让人类对于保护自然生态系统的重要性、实现自然资源持续利用与环境保护和经济的可持续发展有更为清楚的认知,同时也为生态系统综合管理及生态系统功能维持、服务存在价值和生态补偿机制提供理论基础。本文采用CA-Markov模型及InVEST模型,以黄河源区为研究区域,运用气象站点数据、土壤数据、高程数据、遥感解译等数据,首先对InVEST模型中的一系列数据参数、指标等进行了计算处理和校验,分别对研究区1990、2000、2010年水源供给、土壤保持这两大生态系统服务功能进行模拟评估,进而对比分析在不同时期、不同土地覆被状况、不同县域下的生态服务功能的变化。最后,基于CA-Markov模拟出的黄河源区2020年的土地覆被图对研究区的生态系统服务功能进行模拟预测,并讨论了气候因素对生态服务功能的影响,主要结论如下:(1)黄河源区土地覆被状况从1990-2010年经历了先退化后恢复的阶段。在1990-2000年期间,土地覆被变化主要以向低生态级别为主且变化较为剧烈;在2000-2010年期间的恢复过程中,植被覆被类型的面积减少速率均大大降低。研究采用CA-Markov模型模拟预测了黄河源区2020年的土地覆被状况表明研究区土地覆被有所好转,可以看出在研究区实施的退耕还林还草政策及生态工程活动在源区内产生了较好的实施效果。(2)在空间分布上,研究区1990、2000、2010年的水源供给功能分布态势是由东南部的若尔盖、红原等县的高值区向位于西北部的曲麻莱、称多、玛多等县的低值区过渡;而研究区1990、2000、2010年的土壤保持功能的分布状态呈现出由研究区西南及中部的达日、甘德、久治、玛沁、阿坝及兴海等县向位于西北方向的曲麻莱、玛多等县递减的过程。(3)在1990-2010年黄河源区水源供给量一直呈现递增的趋势,从1990年源区水源供给总量为1.51×10~7 t,2000年增加到2.26×10~7 t,到2010年水源供给总量为2.7×10~7t,增加幅度逐渐放缓;1990-2010年土壤保持量经历了先减少后增加的趋势,说明黄河源区的生态系统土壤保持功能正在好转。(4)在数量上:黄河源地区不同覆被类型下单位面积水源供给能力依次为灌丛建设用地高覆盖度草地中覆盖度草地裸地林地低覆盖度草地耕地湿地;黄河源地区不同覆被类型下单位面积土壤保持能力依次为林地灌丛高覆盖度草地中覆盖度草地低覆盖度草地建设用地耕地湿地裸地。可见土壤保持功能及水源供给功能的强弱与覆被类型和植被覆盖程度密切相关。(5)黄河源区的生态系统功能处于恢复状态,2020年生态系统土壤保持功能增加,但增加幅度不大,整体呈现出中部高四周低的分布状态;同时源区生态系统水源供给功能稍有增强,呈现出东南高西北低的状态。气候变化与人类活动也是影响着黄河源区生态系统水源供给功能及土壤保持功能时空变化的重要原因。近年来黄河源区地表气温持续上升,气候暖干化是导致源区草场退化、土地荒漠化、水土流失的重要原因之一,人类活动则可直接导致地表覆被的变化进而影响源区的生态系统服务功能。(6)总体看来,土地覆被变化经历了从退化到缓和恢复的过程,黄河源区相应的的生态系统服务功能也随之是在往好的方向发展,这表明基于土地覆被变化的生态系统服务功能研究方法是可行的,因此保护土地覆被、加强研究区生态系统的管理与保护,遏制生态系统服务功能退化十分必要。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of economy, the increasingly frequent human activities greatly caused by land use / cover change, this not only damages the function of ecosystem services in the natural environment, but also affect the sustainable development of human society, economy and ecological environment. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report pointed out that the ecosystem services of nearly 60% the world is or has been undergoing degradation, maintenance of ecosystem services has been widespread concern, the ecosystem service function evaluation has an important significance for guiding the regional sustainable development, become a hot spot of current research. The ecological system provides a variety of products and services for human beings, is the basis for the survival and development of human society. Supply of water and soil conservation as an important ecosystem services, not only is the formation of soil, vegetation fixing, an important basis for water conservation etc., Which is an important aspect of ecological security. The quantitative evaluation methods of ecosystem service function and the value of GIS is the main ecosystem services value evaluation and tradeoff model based on both at home and abroad have applied the results successfully. Quantitative study on ecosystem service function can make human importance for protecting natural ecological system realize the sustainable utilization of natural resources, environmental protection and sustainable development of the economy and have a more clear understanding, but also for the comprehensive management of ecological system and maintaining ecosystem function, service value and ecological compensation mechanism to provide a theoretical basis. This paper uses CA-Markov model and InVEST model, the source area of the Yellow River as the study area, using the data. Meteorological data of soil, elevation data, remote sensing data, the first of a series of data parameters in InVEST model, index etc. The processing and checking calculation, namely the study of 199020002010 years of water supply, soil conservation of the two ecosystem service function simulation evaluation, and then analyzed in different periods, different land cover conditions, changes in different counties under the ecological service function. The CA-Markov simulation, the source area of the Yellow River land in 2020 based on the graph covering of ecosystem services in the study area were simulated, and the effects of climate factors on ecosystem service function. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) land cover in the source area of the Yellow River was first undergone restoration after degradation stage from 1990-2010 years. During the 1990-2000 years, the main land cover change in the low level to the ecosystem and the change is more intense; during the recovery period of 2000-2010 years, the vegetation cover type area reduced rate was greatly reduced. The research uses CA-Markov model Simulation and prediction of 2020 the Yellow River source area of land cover conditions showed that land cover study area are improved, can be seen in the study area, the implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forest and ecological engineering activities in the source region has a better effect. (2) the spatial distribution of the study area, the water supply function for 199020002010 years the distribution trend is from southeast of Ruoergai, the high value area located in the northwest of Qumalai, Hongyuan County Chengduo, low value area of Maduo County transition; and the study area 199020002010 years of soil conservation distribution function shown by the research area of southwest and central dari, Gunther, Jigzhi, maqen Xinghai County, ABA and to the northwest of Qumalai, the process of decreasing Maduo County. (3) in the 1990-2010 years of water supply source area of the Yellow River has been showing increasing trend, from the total amount of water supply source in 1990 is 1.51 * 10~7 T, 2000 increased to 2.26 * 10~7 T, to 2010 the total water supply is 2.7 * 10~7t, the rate of increase slowed down; 1990-2010 years of soil conservation quantity experienced decreased first and then increased, indicating that the ecological system of the Yellow River source area soil conservation function is improving. (4) in number: the Yellow River source region different cover unit area water supply capacity under construction land types in shrub high coverage grassland coverage grassland woodland bare low coverage grassland farmland wetland; the Yellow River source region of different vegetation types under the soil conservation capacity per unit area were cultivated land wetland bare grassland low coverage grassland construction covered with woodland shrub high coverage of grassland. Soil conservation intensity and cover the visible function and water supply function type and vegetation cover are closely related. (5) the function of the ecosystem of the source regions of the Yellow River in a state of recovery, In 2020 the ecological system of soil conservation function increased, but increased slightly, showing the whole distribution of central high around low water supply system; and ecological function in the source regions slightly enhanced, showing lower southeast to northwest state. Climate change and human activities are also an important reason affecting the water supply system of ecological function and the source region of the Yellow River the spatial variation of the soil conservation function. In recent years the surface source area of the Yellow River rising temperatures, climate warming is the result of degenerate grassland, land desertification, soil erosion is one of the important reasons, human activities can directly lead to changes in land cover and the influence of the source area of the ecosystem service function (6) overall. It seems that land cover change has experienced a process from degradation to ease recovery, corresponding to the source region of the Yellow River ecosystem service function also is in a good direction, which indicates that The research method of ecosystem service function based on land cover change is feasible. Therefore, it is very necessary to protect land cover, strengthen the management and protection of ecosystem in research area, and curb the degradation of ecosystem service function.

【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X826

【参考文献】