围填海活动对黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态系统类型变化和碳汇功能的影响

发布时间：2018-02-10 17:33

本文关键词： 围填海活动黄河三角洲植被类型有机碳温室气体　出处：《中国科学院研究生院（东北地理与农业生态研究所）》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：黄河三角洲是我国暖温带最年轻的滨海湿地生态系统,近年来由于人口增长和工农业的快速发展,使得围填海等人为活动越加剧烈,加剧了湿地的退化。为了深入了解围填海活动对滨海湿地生态系统植被和碳汇功能的影响,以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象,通过野外调查、原位观测和实验分析,研究了围填海活动对湿地植被类型变化、有机碳含量、有机碳密度、单位面积有机碳储量以及温室气体排放的影响,主要研究结论如下:(1)围填海活动对黄河三角洲植被生长具有较大的影响,表现为在东营港和五号桩等围填海活动强烈的地区,植被类型比较单一;而黄河口管理站基本上保持了黄河三角洲新生湿地最完整的植被类型;一千二管理站由于处于蚀退区,尽管植被类型基本上都存在,但表现出一定的不连续性。围填海活动对植被类型产生影响的机制主要体现在两个方面,一是改变了影响植被生长的关键环境因子;二是改变了植被本身的元素配比。(2)黄河三角洲有机碳含量、有机碳密度以及单位面积有机碳储量具有时间和空间上的变异性,是有机质来源、潮汐作用、植被类型、调水调沙工程以及环境因子等共同作用的结果。围填海活动对土壤有机碳的影响主要体现在,人为活动干扰越大,有机碳含量、有机碳密度以及单位面积有机碳储量越小,可能原因在于围填海等人为活动一方面改变了生态系统类型,对净初级生产力和土壤有机碳输入产生影响;另一方面潜在改变了土壤的理化属性。与我国土壤化学计量比的平均值对比发现,黄河三角洲土壤C/N比相对较高,而N/P比相对较低,这主要与黄河三角洲土壤氮素含量相对较低有关。(3)黄河三角洲围填海活动等人为活动影响下温室气体排放同样具有时间和空间上的变异性。围堤区退化湿地、油田区退化湿地、互花米草湿地以及养殖塘四个研究研究区的CH4、CO2和N2O通量范围分别介于-0.0967~0.4107 mg m-2 h-1、-71.14~583.07 mg m-2 h-1和-0.0091~0.0360 mg m-2 h-1之间。比较而言,四个研究区夏季的CH4和CO2排放通量较大一些,而N2O通量四个季节的差异性较小。对比不同研究区发现,互花米草湿地CH4和CO2通量大于其他湿地类型,表明互花米草的入侵加速了土壤碳排放。围堤区湿地、油田区湿地、互花米草湿地以及养殖塘全年月均CH4通量分别介于-0.0258~0.0015 mg m-2 h-1、-0.0967~0.0157 mg m-2 h-1、-0.0171~0.4107 mg m-2 h-1和-0.0057~0.0165 mg m-2 h-1之间。四个研究区CO2和N2O通量则分别介于27.08~334.69 mg m-2 h-1、13.41~197.02 mg m-2 h-1、37.22~583.07 mg m-2 h-1、-67.40~7.28mg m-2 h-1之间和-0.0091~0.0360 mg m-2 h-1、0.0082~0.0125 mg m-2 h-1、0.0015~0.0159 mg m-2 h-1、-0.0020~0.0079 mg m-2 h-1之间,除养殖塘外均整体上表现为CO2和N2O的排放源。(4)通过与国内外湿地和黄河口潮滩湿地温室气体排放特征的对比发现,围填海等人为活动干扰下的黄河三角洲湿地温室气体排放通量高于其他湿地类型,主要体现在互花米草的入侵促进了CO2和CH4的排放;围堤的建设阻断了海水向内陆的运移,加速了CO2的排放,而对CH4的和N2O通量的影响较小;由于人为干预的影响,养殖塘表现为CO2的吸收汇和CH4的排放源,有别于自然水体温室气体通量特征。通过对不同研究区温室气体通量与环境因子的相关性分析发现,由于受到强烈人为活动的影响,不同研究区控制温室气体排放的关键环境因子不同。(5)围堤区湿地、油田区湿地、互花米草湿地和养殖塘CO2一年内总的排放量分别为438826.12 mg m-2、351516.90 mg m-2、760624.82 mg m-2和-126368.65 mg m-2;四个研究区一年内总的CH4通量分别为-41.39 mg m-2和-35.53 mg m-2、496.66 mg m-2和36.83 mg m-2,N2O总的排放量分别为46.00 mg m-2、44.18 mg m-2、30.79 mg m-2和36.32 mg m-2。总的看来,围堤区湿地和油田区湿地表现为CO2和N2O的排放源,CH4的吸收汇;互花米草湿地为三种温室气体的排放源,而养殖塘为CO2和N2O的吸收汇和CH4的排放源。(6)黄河三角洲主要的围填海类型包括养殖塘、居民用地以及盐田,其中五号桩地区围填海强度指数最大,而黄河三角洲保护区黄河口管理站围填海强度指数最小,这也说明黄河三角洲保护区的存在有力地保护了黄河三角洲的生态环境。通过对围填海强度指数与土壤指标植被指标的拟合分析,发现围填海活动对土壤指标的影响更为明显。
[Abstract]:The Yellow River delta is the coastal wetland ecological system in warm temperate zone of our country most young, in recent years due to the rapid growth of population and the development of industry and agriculture, the reclamation of human activities has become increasingly fierce, exacerbating the wetland degradation. In order to further rescue reclamation activities on coastal wetland ecosystem and vegetation carbon sink, in coastal wetland the Yellow River Delta as the research object, through field investigation, in-situ observation and experimental analysis, the research on wetland vegetation changes of reclamation activities, the content of organic carbon, organic carbon density, effect of organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions per unit area, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) reclamation activities have great influence on the growth of vegetation in the Yellow River Delta, is in the port of Dongying and No. five pile reclamation area of intense activity, the vegetation types are relatively single; and the management station basically maintained The most complete type of wetland vegetation in the Yellow River Delta; one thousand and two hundred management station due to the erosion area, although vegetation types basically exist, but do not show a certain continuity. The reclamation activities on the mechanism of the effect of vegetation types is mainly reflected in two aspects, one is the change of the main environmental factors affecting the growth of vegetation the two is the change of the vegetation itself; composition. (2) the the Yellow River delta organic carbon, organic carbon and organic carbon density area unit with the variation of time and space, is the source of organic matter, the tide for vegetation, sand and water diversion project interaction and environmental factors etc. results. Influence of reclamation activities on soil organic carbon is mainly reflected in the interference of human activities is greater, organic carbon, organic carbon and organic carbon density per unit area is small, probably because of the reclamation. On the one hand, human activities changed the ecosystem types, the influence on the net primary productivity and soil organic carbon input; on the other hand, the potential change of physicochemical properties of the soil. With stoichiometric soil in China than the average contrast, the Yellow River delta soil C/N ratio is relatively high, while the N/P ratio is relatively low. This is mainly with the nitrogen content of soils in the Yellow River delta is relatively low. (3) the the Yellow River delta reclamation activities under the influence of human activities such as greenhouse gas emissions have the same variability in time and space. The wetland degradation dike area, wetland degradation oilfield, Spartina alterniflora wetland and four research on the pond CH4. CO2 and N2O were -0.0967~0.4107 mg m-2 flux range between -71.14~583.07 mg m-2 H-1 H-1, -0.0091~0.0360 mg and m-2 H-1. In comparison, the four CH4 and CO2 emission flux in summer is larger in study area, While the smaller difference of N2O flux in four seasons. Different study area contrast, CH4 and CO2 fluxes in spartinaalterniflora wetlands than other wetland types, showed that the invasion of Spartina alterniflora accelerated soil carbon emissions. Embanked area wetland, wetland and wetland oil field, Spartina alterniflora pond monthly average CH4 flux between -0.0258~0.0015 mg m-2 H-1 respectively, -0.0967~0.0157 mg m-2 H-1, Mg m-2 and -0.0057~0.0165 H-1 -0.0171~0.4107 mg m-2 H-1. Four study areas CO2 and N2O fluxes were between 27.08~334.69 mg m-2 h-1,13.41~197.02 mg m-2 h-1,37.22~583.07 mg m-2 H-1, m-2 H-1 and -0.0091~0.0360 mg -67.40~7.28mg m-2 h-1,0.0082~0.0125 mg m-2 h-1,0.0015~0.0159 mg m-2 H-1 -0.0020~0.0079 mg m-2, between H-1, in addition to aquaculture ponds were the overall performance of the CO2 and N2O emissions. (4) through wetlands at home and abroad and the the Yellow River Estuary Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions characteristics of wetland reclamation, et al is higher than that of other wetland types are activities under the disturbance of the Yellow River delta wetland greenhouse gas emission, mainly reflected in the invasion of Spartina alterniflora promoted CO2 and CH4 emissions; the construction of embankment blocking water to the inland transport, accelerate the emission of CO2, and the influence on CH4 and N2O flux is smaller; the influence of artificial intervention, the pond for CO2 absorption and CH4 emission sources, different from the natural water fluxes of greenhouse gas flux characteristics. Through correlation with environmental factors of greenhouse gases in different research area analysis found that due to the intense human activities, different research key control environment of greenhouse gas emission factors. (5) dike wetland, wetland and wetland oil, Spartina alterniflora pond CO2 total emissions within one year were 438826 .12 mg m-2351516.90 mg m-2760624.82 mg m-2 and -126368.65 mg m-2; four of the total CH4 flux within one year were -41.39 mg m-2 and -35.53 mg m-2496.66 mg m-2 and Mg m-2 36.83, the total emissions of N2O were 46 mg m-2,44.18 mg m-2,30.79 mg m-2 mg and 36.32 m-2. in general, dike wetland and oilfield wetland showed CO2 and N2O emission sources, sinks for CH4; spartinaalterniflora wetlands three greenhouse gas emission sources, and ponds for the CO2 and N2O absorption and CH4 emission sources. (6) the the Yellow River delta main types include reclamation ponds, land and Yantian residents among them, five pile area reclamation strength index is the largest, while the the Yellow River delta estuary reserve management station reclamation strength index, which also shows that the the Yellow River delta exist in protected areas and effectively protect the ecological cycle of the Yellow River Delta It is found that the effect of reclamation on soil indexes is more obvious through the fitting and analysis of the strength index of the reclamation and the vegetation index of the soil index.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院（东北地理与农业生态研究所）
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X171

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