短尾猴的集群运动与行为决策研究

发布时间：2017-12-27 18:22

本文关键词：短尾猴的集群运动与行为决策研究　出处：《安徽大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：动物的集群是对环境的一种适应,有利于成员之间的信息共享、互惠合作、凝聚力量,达到寻找食物、集体防御和生育繁殖等目的。然而,群体内各成员之间的社会地位、繁殖状态、利益需求往往不同,这些差异导致动物群体的分散和不稳定,削弱群体的凝聚力,对动物的生长、发育和繁殖带来不利影响。显然,群居动物成功的基础,就是个体之间必须协调一致、互相配合,否则集群的优势将不复存在,甚至会使一些个体面临生存威胁。动物在长期进化中形成了一系列维持群体稳定性的行为机制。集群运动(Collective movement)是群居动物生活中经常发生的行为,它是指群内大多数成员朝着相同方向、动作一致化的过程,一般由一个或多个个体发起运动,其他成员积极响应。群体中的成员在集群运动中,需要共同努力实现决策的一致性,因此,研究集群运动是探讨动物集体决策的重要途径。在集群运动中,首先运动的个体是发起者(Initiator),随后运动的个体都是跟随者(Follower)。显然,不同的发起者,其运动发起的效果存在差异,这就是领导力(Leadership)。领导力是了解集体决策的前提,跟随者的参与是实现决策一致性的保证。目前,有关集群运动和决策过程关系的研究,主要集中在少数几个个体参与的小群体运动,对于几十甚至几百个个体组成的大群体运动的集体决策缺乏研究。本论文以栖息在安徽黄山的野生短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)鱼鳞坑YA1群为研究对象,于2012年8月至2013年5月期间,采用全事件取样法(All occurrence sampling method)、目标动物取样法(Focal sampling method)和连续记录方法(Continuously recording method),观察短尾猴从饵场向森林转移过程中的集群运动,记录短尾猴个体的生物属性(雌雄性别、个体年龄等)和社会属性(社会等级、友好关系等),分析集群运动决策过程的影响因素,深入探讨野生短尾猴集群运动与行为决策的关系,期望回答以下重要科学问题：(1)集群运动中领导力的类型；(2)集群运动中的影响因素；(3)集群运动中个体的参与法则。主要结果如下：一、短尾猴集群运动的领导力类型。研究表明,所有成年个体均能成功发起集群运动,但个体间的集群运动成功发起频次存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis test: H=20.549,df=11,P=0.038).进一步分析发现：集群运动的成功发起频次与个体年龄(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.299,N=12,P=0.345)和社会等级(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.049,N=12,P=0.879)均无显著相关性,且雌雄个体间的成功发起频次也无显著差异(Mann-Whitney U test:Z=-0.515,P= 0.607).然而,集群运动成功发起频次与社会理毛总时间(Sperman rank correlation:rs=0.707,N=12,P=0.010).理毛付出时间(Spearman rank correlation: rs=0.643,N12,P=0.024)和理毛收益时间(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.587, N=12,P=0.045)均呈正相关关系。因此,短尾猴集群运动的发起过程属于共享的领导力类型,群体成员均能成功发起集群运动,友好行为与集群运动的领导力密切相关。二、短尾猴集群运动的社会因素。通过社会网络分析方法(Social network analysis)分析特征向量中心度(Eigenvector centrality coefficient)与集体决策的关系表明,基于两方近距行为的特征向量中心度与集群运动的成功发起频次(Spearman rank correation:rs=0.704,N=12,P=0.011)和发起成功率(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.757,N=12,P=0.004)均存在正相关关系。同时,基于成年个体之间三方社会关系的架桥行为特征向量中心度与集群运动成功发起频次(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.952,N=8,P=0.001).发起成功率(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.857,N=8,P=0.003)也均具有正相关性。表明社会亲和力高的个体发起集群运动的频次和成功率也越高。本研究将此归纳为“亲和力-领导力”模型：短尾猴在集群运动决策过程中,社会亲和力对集群运动的成功起到决定性作用。三、短尾猴集群运动的参与法则。在集群运动的参与过程中,越早加入的个体重要性程度越高,即个体加入集群运动的时间顺序与特征向量中心度之间存在正相关关系(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.695,N=12,P=0.003)。当早期参与者(五分钟内加入集群运动的个体)的数量介于3—6个之间时,集群运动发生率在40%—85%之间；当早期参与者的数量达到或者超过7个时(本研究群体中成年个体的一半以上),100%发生集群运动。进一步研究发现,在早期参与者中,雌雄个体之间的特征向量中心度系数无显著差异(t=0.738,df=10,P=0.477),个体年龄也与中心度系数无相关性(Spearman rank correlation:rs=-0.174,N=12,P= 0.589),但社会等级与社会中心度系数之间存在正相关关系(雄性：Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.800,N=4,P=0.048;雌性：Spearman rank correlation:rs= 0.655,N=8,P=0.035)。同时,基于友好关系(近距行为)的社会中心度与集群运动中参与者的中心度也具有正相关性(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.614,N= 12,P=0.034)。综上所述,短尾猴在集群运动中使用了两种参与法则：一是选择性模仿(Selective mimetism):在达到集群运动数量下限之前,群内成员根据早期参与者的社会等级或友好关系决定是否加入集群运动,即高顺位或高亲和力的早期参与者能成功吸引到更多的跟随者；二是法定人数,(Quorum):一旦集群运动的个体数量超过下限阈值时,群体成员都加入集群运动。本论文综合运用了生态学、行为学、社会学以及统计学的学科知识,主要创新在于：(1)首次揭示了短尾猴在集群运动中的决策类型(协商决策)；(2)提出了关于领导力影响因素的亲和力-领导力新模型。该模型不仅存在于近距行为、社会性理毛等两方友好关系中,同样也存在于架桥等三方友好关系中;(3)发现了动物群体中同时存在着选择性模仿和法定人数两种参与法则,这在小群体生活的、具有复杂社会关系的非人灵长类物种中为首次报道。本研究阐明了短尾猴集体决策的行为特征和类型,揭示了决策的行为机制和适应进化,为集群动物的保护和管理提供科学依据,同时,也为了解人类社会的决策方式、改善社会管理提供参考借鉴。在现代社会中,人们经常需要通过协商来达成决策的一致性,从国与国之间的外交协定、到一国领导人的选举、再到一个单位制定发展规划等,都需要健全的协商机制。如何实现决策的有序高效、如何通过协商发挥社会整体功能、如何体现绝大多数人的意志,也是我们自身参与社会决策所关心的问题。
[Abstract]:Animal clustering is an adaptation to environment, which is conducive to information sharing among members, mutual cooperation and cohesion, so as to achieve food, collective defense, reproductive and reproductive purposes. However, the social status, reproductive status and interest needs of members are often different. These differences lead to the decentralization and instability of animal groups, weaken the cohesive force of groups, and have adverse effects on the growth, development and reproduction of animals. Obviously, the foundation for the success of social animals is the coordination and cooperation among individuals. Otherwise, the advantages of clusters will no longer exist, even some individuals will be faced with the threat of survival. In a long period of evolution, animals have formed a series of behavioral mechanisms to maintain the stability of the population. Collective movement is a behavior that occurs frequently in social animal life. It refers to the process that most members of a group are aligned in the same direction and actions, usually initiated by one or more individuals, and other members respond positively. Members in groups need to work together to achieve consistency in decision-making in cluster movement. Therefore, studying cluster movement is an important way to explore animal collective decision-making. In the cluster movement, the first individual is the initiator (Initiator), and then the individual is the follower (Follower). Obviously, different sponsors have a difference in the effect of their movement, which is leadership (Leadership). Leadership is the premise of understanding collective decision making, and the participation of the followers is the guarantee of realizing the consistency of the decision. At present, the research on the relationship between cluster movement and decision-making process is mainly focused on a few small group movements involving a few individuals, and there is a lack of research on the collective decision-making of large group movements consisting of dozens or even hundreds of individuals. The habitat in Anhui Mount Huangshan wild macaques (Macaca thibetana) scale YA1 group as the research object, from August 2012 to May 2013, the whole event sampling (All occurrence sampling method), the target animal sampling method (Focal sampling method) and continuous recording method (Continuously recording method), the cluster in the process of movement observation transfer from the field to the thibetan bait forest, record the biological attributes of individual macaques (sex, age etc.) and social attributes (social hierarchy, friendly relations, etc.) influence factor analysis cluster movement decision-making process, in-depth study of the relationship between wild macaques cluster movement and behavior decision, expected to answer the following important scientific problems: (1 types of leadership in cluster motion); (2) factors affecting the cluster in the movement; (3) participation in sports law of individual cluster. The main results are as follows: first, thibetan cluster movement leadership type. Research shows that all adults can successfully launched a cluster movement, but the movement between individual cluster launch frequency has significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test:, H=20.549, df=11, P=0.038). Further analysis found that the cluster movement launched the frequency and age (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.299, N=12, P=0.345) and Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.049 (social rank N=12, P=0.879), there was no significant correlation between male and female, and the successful launch frequency is also no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test:Z=-0.515, P= 0.607). However, the launch of cluster motion frequency and socialgrooming total time (Sperman rank correlation:rs=0.707, N=12, P=0.010). Rank correlation: Spearman (gross pay time rs=0.643. N12, P=0.024) and gross income (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.587, time N=12, P=0.045) were positively correlated. Therefore, to initiate the process macaque cluster movement belong to a shared leadership type, group members can successfully launched a cluster movement, friendly behavior and cluster movement is closely related to leadership. Social factors, two macaques cluster movement. Through the method of social network analysis (Social network analysis) analysis of the eigenvector centrality (Eigenvector centrality coefficient) showed that the relationship between the collective decision-making, launched frequency eigenvector centrality and cluster motion of two party close behavior based on the success of (Spearman rank correation:rs=0.704, N=12, P=0.011) and Spearman rank (initiated the success rate of correlation:rs=0.757, N=12. There was a positive correlation between P=0.004). At the same time, the frequency of the launch center vector bridging behavior characteristics and cluster motion of adult individuals between three party based on the social relation (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.952, N=8, P=0.001). The success rate (Spearman rank launched correlation:rs=0.857, N=8, P=0.003) also showed a positive correlation. It shows that the higher the social affinity, the higher the frequency and the success rate of the cluster movement. This study will be summarized as "the affinity leadership model: macaques in the cluster decision-making process in sports, social affinity for cluster movement plays a decisive role in success. In rule three, thibetan cluster movement. In the process of cluster participation, the higher the importance of early entry, the higher the time sequence of individuals joining the cluster movement and the positive correlation between the center of the feature vector (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.695, N=12, P=0.003). When the early participants (individual to join the cluster movement within five minutes) the number is between 3 - 6 when the cluster motion occurs in 40% - 85%; when the number of early participants to reach or exceed 7 when (the study group in adult individuals, more than half of the 100% generation cluster movement). Further study found that participants in the early, there was no significant difference between male and female individuals of the eigenvector centrality coefficient (t=0.738, df=10, P=0.477), individual age has no correlation with the center coefficient (Spearman rank correlation:rs=-0.174, N=12, P= 0.589), but there was a positive correlation between the social class and social Center coefficient (male: Sp
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q958.1

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