河流和湖泊底栖动物分布的影响因素及稀有种去除对多样性指数的影响

发布时间：2018-04-30 00:07

本文选题：底栖动物 + 淡水生态系统　；参考：《山东大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：淡水生态系统在人类社会中扮演着非常重要的角色。由于城市生活用水和工农业的快速发展,人为干扰严重影响了水质,淡水生态系统遭受了严重的破坏,引起生态系统的退化。对河流进行生态恢复和健康评估,是有效恢复淡水生态系统健康的前提和基础,已成为近年来生态学的热点研究。底栖动物在发达国家已经作为一种常用的生物学评价手段,而我国学者也逐步开始利用大型底栖无脊椎动物作为评价水质的指示生物,引进国外成熟的评估体系对我国各类淡水生态系统进行生物学评价。但目前大多评价体系对数据需求量大,需要大量基础工作的累积,学术性、专业性强,建模要求高。我国自然环境多样性高、人为扰动复杂,探究国内影响底栖动物分布模式的因素,建立适用于我国的底栖动物评价体系有重要意义。徒骇河、马颊河是流经山东北部的两条重要的河流。"十二五"期间,徒骇河、马颊河流域开展了大规模污水治理与湿地修复工程,河流水质逐步改善中。本文以徒骇河、马颊河、赵牛河人工湿地为研究案例,在调查河流水系分布、水质与底质、生境要素等的基础上,依据多年底栖动物群落特征的数据,深入分析了徒骇河、马颊河流域乃至全国湖泊的底栖动物群落对环境特征的响应:通过文献调研与群落调查,依据徒骇河、马颊河水文特征与底栖动物群落结构,建立以指示物种为主的河流健康评价体系,并对赵牛河人工湿地生态恢复作用进行了评估,同时从物种丰富度出发,分析底栖动物群落与多种环境因素的关系,验证桥梁建设对河流生态系统的健康具有重要影响。考虑到河流与湖泊之间的相互影响,本文还拓展研究内容,利用多年来中国范围内湖泊底栖动物研究的数据,对中国的62个湖泊底栖动物的丰富度与多种湖泊环境因素进行皮尔逊相关性分析,揭示大尺度上湖泊底栖动物的种-流域面积分布模式。在研究过程中发现底栖动物研究存在采样与计数工作量大,物种鉴别困难,稀有种去除具有争议的现状,因此本文利用2001-2015年已发表的相关文献,建立全国范围的底栖动物数据库并构建假想模型,分析稀有种在生物学指数中的地位,验证多种底栖动物指数对稀有种去除的响应机制。本文主要研究结果如下:流域调查结果显示,徒骇河、马颊河干流共收集到底栖动物16种,赵牛河人工湿地采集到18种,干流与人工湿群落物种组成差异较大,由于优势种不同,各样点底栖动物群落多度、丰富度差异也很大。赵牛河人工湿地对底栖动物群落有明显的恢复作用。尽管采取了多种生态系统恢复手段,但目前国际常用的评价体系不适用于徒骇河、马颊河流域生态系统退化较严重的区域。为建立适用于徒骇河、马颊河流域的底栖动物评价体系,通过人工湿地示范工程进行生态恢复前后的比较,依据当地水质、水文学特征等因素,以赵牛河人工湿地为参照体系建立了适用于徒骇河、马颊河的底栖动物指示物种的评价体系。对徒骇河、马颊河干流桥梁附近的底栖动物群落与未受桥墩影响的群落进行对比的结果显示,在已经遭受人为干扰的徒骇河与马颊河,桥墩引起的河岸淤积会进一步影响底栖动物的群落结构。桥下点与参照点群落结构有显著相关性,其中密度、生物量丰富度、与香农-威纳多样性指数相关性分别达到(0.961、0.931、0.930与0.603),并且桥下点与参照点底栖动物的群落在密度与生物量上的分配十分接近,但是底栖动物的丰富度与物种组成有显著的差异。淤积引起的生境片段化会导致底栖动物群落结构的退化,因此为保证河流生态环境的健康,在桥梁建设过程中底栖动物生境的保护问题值得关注。通过对底栖动物多样性与湖区面积、水容量、流域面积、平均水深、平均矿化度、平均气温与平均降雨量对国内62个湖泊的环境与生物特征进行相关性分析。结果表明底栖动物与流域面积、湖区面积、水容量有显著相关性,其中与流域面积的相关性最为显著(R~2=0.380,p0.001)。仅有东部地区的湖泊的底栖动物丰富度与湖泊水量呈正相关(R~2=0.220,p0.001);东部、西部湖泊的湖区面积均与底栖动物丰富度呈正相关(R~2=0.280,p0.001;R~2=0.533,p=0.002),但西部未受干扰的地区相关性更显著。底栖动物多样性在人为扰动较少的湖泊,与湖泊面积的相关性更显著;而在人为扰动较多的湖泊则与水容量相关性更显著。这表明东部地区的湖泊的底栖动物群落的丰富度更易受到湖水容量变化带来的影响,而处于自然状态下的底栖动物群落则有可能对洪水与干旱产生的水量变化有一定的抵抗能力。此外,大尺度上底栖动物物种丰富度分布模式与经典种面积曲线定义的分布规律不同,虽然底栖动物物种丰富度与湖泊面积和其流域面积均有显著相关性,但总体来讲,不论在东部、西部地区还是全国范围内,流域面积的大小与物种丰富度的相关性更显著,形成了种-流域面积的分布特征。底栖动物多样性与环境因素的关系是研究底栖动物群落结构的重要视角,它能为底栖动物多样性研究与保护工作的开展提供重要的理论支持。基于不同生物学指数对稀有种去除会产生不同响应的假设,本文利用15年已发表底栖动物的数据建立假想模型,对香农-威纳多样性指数、辛普森多样性指数、马格列夫多样性指数、均匀度、BMWP评分系统(Biological Monitoring Working Party)与ASPT(Average Score Per Taxon)评分系统进行假想模型的测试。假想模型的结果表明与其他生物学指数相比,常见种在辛普森多样性指数占据极高的地位。仅考虑物种多样性的马格列夫与底栖动物专用的BMWP指标中有一定的比重,而在稀有种在经典的香农-威纳多样性指数占有较小的比重。经典的多样性指数更注重群落的均匀程度,在随着稀有种去除,均匀程度会略微增加并超过真实值。而ASPT评分系统对稀有种去除没有产生有规律的响应。在该研究的基础上,利用南四湖5年的底栖动物群落结构数据对香农多样性指数的响应进行验证,结果表明在利用香农多样性指数进行生物学评估时,适度的稀有种去除不会对香农多样性指数结果产生显著影响。通过理论与实地研究结合所得出生物学指数对稀有种去除的响应,能有效的减少在物种采集、鉴定时的工作量,显著提高工作效率,对改善当前中国众多淡水生态系统缺乏底栖动物群落数据的局面有重要的作用。综上所述,本文从人为扰动、环境因素、方法优化等多方面对底栖动物进行了系统的研究。通过徒骇河、马颊河流域的底栖动物群落的案例建立了适用于已退化生态系统的河流生态健康评价体系,成功对赵牛河人工湿地的恢复状况进行了评估。对徒骇河、马颊河干流的底栖动物群落进行分析,证实了桥墩对底栖动物群落的影响,认为桥梁建设的过程中对生物群落的干扰不容忽视。分析底栖动物大尺度的分布模式,提出底栖动物特有的种-流域面积分布规律。总结出多种生物学指数与稀有种的关系,依据实际情况采用合理的生物学指标与二次取样方法,能有效地增加底栖动物采集鉴定时的效率与准确性,能为全国开展大规模底栖动物群落调查的方法改进提供科学依据。
[Abstract]:The freshwater ecosystem plays a very important role in the human society. Due to the rapid development of urban living water and industry and agriculture, human disturbance has seriously affected the water quality. The freshwater ecosystem has been severely damaged and caused the degradation of the ecosystem. The ecological restoration and health assessment of the river is an effective restoration of the freshwater ecosystem. The precondition and foundation of the general health have become a hot study of ecology in recent years. Benthic animals have been used as a common biological evaluation method in developed countries, and Chinese scholars have gradually begun to use large benthic invertebrates as indicator organisms to evaluate water quality, and introduced into foreign mature assessment systems for all kinds of freshwater in our country. The ecological system carries out biological evaluation. But at present, most of the evaluation systems have great demand for data. It needs a lot of accumulation of basic work, academic, professional, and high modeling requirements. The diversity of natural environment in China is high and the human disturbance is complex, and the factors affecting the distribution pattern of benthic animals in China are explored, and the assessment of benthic animal evaluation in China is established. The price system is of great significance. The river and the Ma cheek River are two important rivers flowing through northern Shandong. During the "12th Five-Year", a large-scale sewage treatment and wetland restoration project was carried out in the river basin and the MEK cheek River Basin. The water quality of the river was gradually improved. This article is a case study of the river, the horse cheek River and the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River. Based on the data of the characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community, the response to environmental characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community in the thuhh River, the Ma cheek River Basin and the whole country was analyzed on the basis of the data of the characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community. The hydrological characteristics of the river, the horse cheek River and the benthic animal community were based on the literature survey and the community investigation. Establish a river health evaluation system based on indicator species, and evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the Zhao cattle River artificial wetland. At the same time, from the species richness, the relationship between the benthic animal community and various environmental factors is analyzed. It is proved that the bridge construction has an important influence on the health of the river ecosystem. In this paper, the research content is also expanded. Using the data of the study of benthic Zoobenthos in China for many years, the richness of benthic Zoobenthos in 62 lakes in China and the environmental factors of a variety of lakes are analyzed by Pearson. It is found that the study of benthic zoobenthos has a large amount of sampling and counting work, difficult species identification, and the current situation of rare species removal. Therefore, this paper uses relevant literature published in 2001-2015 years to establish a national zoobenthos database and construct a hypothetical model, analyzing the status of rare species in biological index, and verifying a variety of factors. The response mechanism of benthic animal index to rare species removal. The main results of this paper are as follows: the results of the basin survey showed that 16 species of arboreal animals were collected in the river and the main stream of the horse cheek River, 18 species were collected from the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River, and the species composition of the main stream and the artificial wet community was larger, and the benthic community was different because of the dominant species. There is a great difference in abundance and abundance. The artificial wetland of Zhao cow river has obvious restoration effect on the benthic Zoobenthos Community. Although a variety of ecosystem restoration methods have been adopted, the current international evaluation system is not applicable to the region of the thuhh River and the serious degradation of the ecosystem in the horse cheek River Basin. It is established for the apostasia River, the horse cheek River Basin. The evaluation system of benthic zoobenthos, through the comparison of the ecological restoration before and after the artificial wetland demonstration project, based on the local water quality and hydrology characteristics, established the evaluation system of the benthic animal indicator species suitable for the thuhh River and the Ma cheek River Based on the water quality and hydrology characteristics of the Zhao cattle River. The comparison between the benthic community and the community unaffected by the pier shows that the riverbank deposition caused by the pier in the river and the horse cheek River, which has been disturbed by human beings, will further affect the community structure of the benthic animals. The point of the bridge is significantly related to the structure of the reference point, including the density, the abundance of biomass, and the Shannon - Wei. The correlation of nano diversity index reached (0.961,0.931,0.930 and 0.603), and the community of benthic zoobenthos at the bottom of the bridge and the reference point was very close to the distribution of the density and biomass, but the abundance of the benthic animals was significantly different from the species composition. The fragmentation caused by the siltation would lead to the degradation of the community structure of the benthic animals. Therefore, in order to ensure the health of the ecological environment of the river, the protection of benthic habitat in the process of bridge construction should be paid attention to. The environmental and biologic characteristics of the 62 lakes in China are related to the diversity of benthic animals and the area of Lake area, water capacity, basin area, average depth of water, average salinity, average temperature and average rainfall. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between benthic zoobenthos and basin area, Lake area and water capacity, and the correlation with basin area was the most significant (R~2=0.380, p0.001). Only the abundance of benthic Zoobenthos in the eastern region was positively correlated with lake water (R~2= 0.220, p0.001); the lake area in the East and the Western lakes were all benthic There is a positive correlation between animal richness (R~2=0.280, p0.001; R~2=0.533, p=0.002), but the correlation of undisturbed areas in the west is more significant. The diversity of benthic species is more significant in lakes with less human disturbance, and the lake area is more significant in human disturbance. This shows the lakes in the Eastern region. The abundance of benthic Zoobenthos Community is more likely to be affected by the change of lake water capacity, while the benthic community in the natural state may have a certain resistance to the change of water quantity produced by floods and droughts. In addition, the distribution pattern of the species richness of the macrozoobenthos and the distribution of the classical species area curves in the large scale zoobenthos are defined. Although the regularity is different, although the species richness of benthic animals has a significant correlation with the area of lake and the area of its basin, in general, the correlation between the size of the basin area and the species richness is more significant in the eastern, Western and national areas, forming the distribution characteristics of the species and basin area. The diversity and environment of benthic animals The relationship between factors is an important perspective for the study of the community structure of benthic animals. It can provide important theoretical support for the research and protection of benthic diversity. Based on the different biological indices, the hypothesis of different responses will be produced by different biological indices. In this paper, a hypothetical model has been established by using the data of 15 years' benthic benthic animals to establish a hypothetical model. The Shannon Weiner diversity index, the Simpson diversity index, the Marg Lev diversity index, the evenness, the Biological Monitoring Working Party (Monitoring Working Party) and the ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon) scoring system were tested for a hypothetical model. The results of a hypothetical model showed that the common species was in Simpson, compared with other biological indices. The sample index occupies a very high position. There is a certain proportion of the species diversity of Marg Lev and benthic animal specific BMWP indicators, while the rare species occupies a small proportion in the classic Shannon Wiener diversity index. The classic diversity index pays more attention to the evenness of the community, with the removal of the rare species and the degree of uniformity. The ASPT scoring system does not produce a regular response to the rare species removal. On the basis of the study, the response to the Shannon diversity index is verified by the 5 year benthic community structure data of the Nanhu lake. The results show that the Shannon diversity index is appropriate for biological assessment. The rare species removal will not have a significant impact on the Shannon diversity index results. By combining the theoretical and field studies, the response of the biological index to the rare species removal can effectively reduce the workload of the species collection and identification, significantly improve the work efficiency, and the lack of benthic movement to many of the current freshwater ecosystems in China. In this paper, a systematic study of benthic animals was carried out in this paper from the aspects of human disturbance, environmental factors, and method optimization. A river ecological health evaluation system suitable for degraded biological systems was established through the case of the benthic Zoobenthos Community in the thuhh River and the Ma cheek River Basin. The restoration of the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River was evaluated. The benthic Zoobenthos Community of the river and the main stream of the horse cheek river was analyzed. The effect of the pier on the benthic community was confirmed, and the disturbance of the biological community should not be ignored during the construction of the bridge. The relationship between a variety of biological indices and rare species is summed up. A reasonable biological index and two sampling methods are adopted in accordance with the actual situation, which can effectively increase the efficiency and accuracy of the collection and identification of benthic animals, and provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the methods for the investigation of large scale amphibians in the whole country. According to it.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q958.8

【参考文献】