郑汴一体化核心区域景观格局变化对生态系统服务的影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 03:35

本文选题：郑汴一体化 + 尺度　；参考：《河南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：近几十年来,城市化进程在全球快速推进,城市用地不断向外围拓展。城市化的发展推进了社会经济的发展,但也带来了一系列环境问题,城市化区域已经成为生态脆弱区。研究区属于中国城市化发展的代表区域,位于河南省郑州市和开封市的城市对接区域,是郑汴一体化的核心区域。近十几年来研究区的景观格局发生了很大变化,但景观格局的具体变化程度(是否与规划目标相吻合),对区域环境(生态系统服务)的影响怎样,是当地政府和群众亟待了解的问题。本文采用景观生态学为主,多学科融合的方法,探讨研究区2000～2015年间的景观格局变化以及生态系统服务的响应问题,尝试为国家政策实施提供检验,为解决中国当代城市化发展中的环境问题提供决策参考。主要研究结论如下:(1)郑汴一体化的核心区域的景观格局的最佳研究尺度为20m×20m,而梯度分析的最佳尺度为半径1000m左右的幅度。(2)选取适合研究区的景观格局指数斑块个数(NP)、总边界长度(TE)、最大斑块所占景观面积的比例(LPI)、多样性指数(SHDI)、周长面积分维数(PAFRAC)、景观类型面积百分比(PLAND)对研究区不同时期的景观格局进行分析:景观水平上:2005～2015年,研究区景观破碎化程度加大,斑块数量增加了32.38%,2010到2015年是景观破碎化程度加大的主要时期,破碎化对这一时期的农田影响较大。从梯度上分析,研究区东西两端景观变化比中央快;西部(靠近郑州段)的景观变化大于东部(靠近开封段)景观变化;西部景观变化表现在斑块数量、斑块形状等,东部在景观要素类型变化上比西部快。类型水平上:水域在整个研究区不属于优势景观要素,在整个研究期所占的面积百分比为3.68%～5.37%。2005～2015年,水域的总面积和平均面积都逐渐增大,斑块个数逐渐降低。水域变化受人为影响比较大,主要是在城市化进程中,小的坑塘逐渐消失,同时出现了一些人工湖泊,其中2005～2010年最为显著;农田在整个研究时期属于优势景观要素,也是变化最大的景观要素。农田面积从2005年占总面积的79.01%降为2015年的60.01%。农田受人为影响较大,具体表现在其边界复杂化程度持续降低和景观破碎化的程度加大;林地的斑块数量和总体面积处于上升趋势,林地的形状相对规整,规划中人工林的大量种植是其景观格局变化的主要原因;建设用地属于研究区次优势的景观要素,在短短的十年间,建设用地的面积从占总面积的9.20%上升到23.84%。从景观格局指数上分析,建设用地几乎没有受到景观破碎化的影响,其形状也最为规整;未利用地在整个研究期总面积均比较小,但其面积和斑块数量逐时期降低,说明土地利用强度持续增大。研究区在2005到2010年间出现大的未利用地斑块,主要是由于这一时期处于建设的初期,拆迁工程较多,形成很多拆迁废弃地,本研究将其划为未利用地。(3)研究区建设用地的增加绝大部分来自农田的转化,未利用地也主要转化为建设用地,林地和水域面积的增加主要来自于农田。从驱动力角度分析,人文因素是研究区2005～2015年景观格局变化的主要驱动力,其中2005年到2010年的人文影响较大。(4)采用优化后的马尔科夫数学模型对2020年的景观格局进行了预测,发现目前研究区的景观变化进度略低于预期目标,即政府为实现研究期2020年的目标,需要加快建设进度。(5)采用Invest模型等方法对研究区调节服务(碳储量)、供给服务(小麦产量)、支持服务(生境质量)、文化服务(景观美学)四类生态系统服务进行研究。结果表明:研究区四类生态系统服务在2005～2015年均处于下降的趋势;随后结合生态系统服务的量化方法,对四类生态系统服务提出了切实可行的管理建议,具体如下:①碳储量:从景观要素层面,如提高研究区碳储量,应优先增加林地面积,其次是增加水域和农田面积,而建设用地和未利用地面积变化对碳储量影响不大。从碳储量载体层面,一种方式是通过加大种植密度,丰富种植层次,甚至更换碳储量高的树种等方式来提高生物量碳储量,另一种方式是采取适当的农耕、灌溉等措施通过提高土壤碳储量的方法来提高研究区碳储量。②生境质量:对研究区生境质量保护,首先应优先保护生境稀缺性程度高的区域。农田在整个研究区所占面积最大,是研究区生态环境的基础,在研究期受破坏程度最大,生境稀缺性最高,因此在制定土地利用政策应该优先保护农田,其次是保护研究区的水域(坑塘和水渠)和林地,而建设用地和未利用地的升值稀缺性较低;如提高生境质量可以优先提高生境质量高的景观类型面积,如水域和林地,其次是农田,最后是未利用和建设用地。③美学价值:增加美学价值,应优先提高水域和林地的面积,其次是农田,在没有特色建筑的情况下,建设用地面积越小,美学价值越高。④小麦产量:提高小麦产量,第一是增加种植面积,限制研究区大面积的农田转化为非农业用地;第二是提高单位面积产量,即通过一些水肥管理、农作措施等,提高单位面积产量。(6)对生态系统服务之间的关系进行了重新分类。具体分为:权衡相关、协同相关、单向相关,复合相关和变化相关五类。随后采用生态系统服务动态的当量因子法和本文研究的方法对研究区多种生态系统服务之间的相互关系进行两个时段的动态对比评价。本文所研究的四类生态系统服务,只有协同服务类型,共两种,属于1 vs 1的类型,分别是固碳服务和美学景观,它们变化趋势相同,在两个研究期都属于先上升后下降;小麦生产和生境质量,变化趋势相同,两个时期都处于下降状态。(7)引入生物学上物种与环境的分析方法,在Canoco 4.5的平台支持下,分析了研究区三类生态系统服务(碳储量、景观美学、小麦产量)对五种景观格局指数(NP、TE、LPI、PAFRAC、SHDI)的变化响应。结果表明,LPI与三类生态系统服务呈正相关,其他四种景观格局指数与三类生态系统服务呈现负相关。本研究通过对郑汴一体化区域的景观格局变化以及生态系统服务的响应进行研究,有助于理解城市化过程对区域环境的影响。同时,本研究对景观格局变化下的生态系统服务研究提供了新的思路,比如生态系统服务关系的分类研究和生态系统服务关系的多时段研究等;本文在生态系统服务研究的基础上也给出了研究区生态系统服务管理的具体建议,可以为相关研究和政策制定提供参考依据。
[Abstract]:In recent decades, the process of urbanization has been advancing rapidly in the world, and the urban land is expanding to the periphery continuously. The development of urbanization has promoted the development of social economy, but also brought a series of environmental problems. The urbanization area has become an ecological fragile area. The research area belongs to the representative area of China's urbanization development, which is located in Zhengzhou and open in Henan province. The city docking area of the city is the core area of the integration of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng. The landscape pattern of the research area has changed a lot in the last decade, but the extent of the change of the landscape pattern (whether it is consistent with the planning target) and the influence on the regional environment (ecosystem service) is an urgent problem for the local government and the masses. The landscape ecology and multidisciplinary integration method are used to discuss the landscape pattern changes and the response of ecosystem services in the 2000~2015 years of the study area, and try to provide a test for the implementation of the national policy. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Zheng Bian integration The best study scale of the landscape pattern in the core area is 20m x 20m, and the optimum scale of the gradient analysis is the radius of about 1000m. (2) the number of landscape index patches (NP), the total boundary length (TE), the proportion of the maximum patches (LPI), the diversity index (SHDI) and the circumference area fractal dimension (PAFRA) are selected for the study area. C), landscape type area percentage (PLAND) analysis of the landscape pattern of different period in the study area: landscape level: 2005~2015 years, the degree of landscape fragmentation in the study area increased, the number of patches increased by 32.38%, from 2010 to 2015 was the main period of increasing the degree of landscape fragmentation. The landscape changes at both ends of the study area are faster than that in the central area; the landscape changes in the West (near the Zhengzhou section) are greater than that in the East (near the Kaifeng section), and the changes in the western landscape are shown in the number of patches, the shape of patches and so on. The East is faster than the western part of the landscape element type. Landscape elements, the percentage of area occupied in the whole study period is 3.68% ~ 5.37%.2005 ~ 2015, the total area and average area of water area are increasing gradually, and the number of patches is gradually reduced. The change of water area is greatly influenced by human beings, mainly in the process of urbanization, small ponds gradually disappear, and some artificial lakes appear at the same time, of which 2005 of them are in the process of urbanization. The farmland is the dominant landscape element in the whole study period, and it is also the most important landscape element in the whole study period. The farmland area from 79.01% of the total area in 2005 to 2015 60.01%. farmland is greatly influenced by human beings. The number and total area of the patch are on the rise, the shape of the woodland is relatively regular, and the large number of plantation in the planned plantation is the main reason for the change of landscape pattern. The construction land belongs to the dominant landscape element in the study area. In the short ten years, the area of the construction land has risen from 9.20% of the total area to 23.84%. from the landscape pattern. The analysis shows that the construction land is almost unaffected by the landscape fragmentation and its shape is most regular; the total area of the unused land is small in the whole study period, but the area and the number of patches are reduced by a period, indicating that the land use intensity continues to increase. The major unused patches, mainly from 2005 to 2010, are mainly from the research area. At the beginning of the period of construction, there were many demolition projects and many demolition wasteland was formed, and this study was divided into unused land. (3) the increase of most of the construction land in the study area is from the transformation of farmland, the unused land is mainly converted into construction land, and the increase of the land and water area mainly comes from the farmland. From the angle of driving force Analysis, the human factors are the main driving force of the landscape pattern change in the 2005~2015 years of the study area, among which the humanistic influence from 2005 to 2010 is larger. (4) the landscape pattern of 2020 was predicted by the optimized Markoff mathematical model, and the landscape change progress of the present study area was slightly lower than the expected goal, that is, the government for the research. The goal of 2020 is to speed up the construction progress. (5) Invest model and other methods are used to study the research area regulation service (carbon reserves), supply service (wheat yield), support service (habitat quality), and cultural services (landscape aesthetics) four types of ecosystem services. The results show that the four types of ecosystem services in the study area are in the average of 2005~2015 years. It is in the downward trend, and then combined with the quantitative method of ecosystem services, it puts forward practical and feasible management suggestions for the four types of ecosystem services. The following is as follows: 1. From the landscape element level, for example, to increase the carbon reserves of the research area, the area of the forest land should be increased first, the second is to increase the area of water and farmland, and the construction land and the failure. The change of land area has little influence on carbon reserves. From the level of carbon storage carrier, one way is to increase the biomass carbon reserves by increasing planting density, enriching the planting level, and even changing the tree species with high carbon reserves. The other way is to improve the soil carbon reserves by means of appropriate farming and irrigation. The carbon reserves of the research area. 2. Habitat quality: to protect the habitat quality of the research area, first of all, we should give priority to protecting the area with high habitat scarcity. Farmland occupies the largest area in the whole research area. It is the basis of the ecological environment in the study area, the most damaged degree in the study period and the highest habitat scarcity, so the policy of land use should be given priority. The protection of farmland, followed by the protection of the waters of the research area (ponds and canals) and woodlands, and the low appreciation of construction land and unused land; for example, the improvement of habitat quality can give priority to improving the area of the landscape type with high habitat quality, such as water and woodland, followed by farmland, and finally the unused and construction land. To learn value, the area of water and woodland should be raised first, followed by farmland. In the absence of characteristic buildings, the smaller the area of the construction land is, the higher the aesthetic value is. (4) the yield of wheat: increase the yield of wheat, the first is to increase the planting area, and limit the large area of the agricultural field into non agricultural land, and the second is to increase the yield per unit area, That is, through some water and fertilizer management, farming measures, and so on, increase the output of unit area. (6) the relationship between ecosystem services is reclassified. It is divided into five categories: trade-offs, synergy, unidirectional correlation, complex correlation and change related. Then, the method of equivalent factor of ecosystem service dynamic and the method of this study are adopted. The relationship between the various ecosystem services in the study area is evaluated dynamically for two periods of time. The four types of ecosystem services studied in this paper are only the types of cooperative services, which belong to two types, which belong to 1 vs 1. They are carbon fixation services and aesthetic landscapes. They have the same trend of change, and they are all up and down in the two research period. The change trend of wheat production and habitat is the same, the two periods are in decline. (7) the analysis method of biological species and environment is introduced, and under the support of Canoco 4.5 platform, three kinds of ecosystem services (carbon storage, landscape aesthetics, wheat yield) in the study area are analyzed for five landscape pattern index (NP, TE, LPI, PAFRAC, SHDI). The results show that LPI has a positive correlation with the three types of ecosystem services, and the other four landscape patterns are negatively related to the three types of ecosystem services. This study is helpful to understand the urbanization process to the regional environment through the study of the landscape pattern changes and the response of the ecosystem services in the Zhengzhou and Kaifeng integrated region. At the same time, this study provides new ideas for the study of ecosystem services under the change of landscape pattern, such as the classification of the ecosystem services and the multi period study of the ecosystem service relationship. This paper also gives some specific suggestions on the management of ecosystem services in the research area on the basis of the Research of ecosystem services. It provides reference for related research and policy formulation.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：P901

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