马达加斯加琥珀山国家公园两种狐猴（Eulemur coronatus和Eulemur sanfordi）的取食行为对森林

发布时间：2018-05-31 22:03

  本文选题：Eulemur + coronatus　； 参考：《北京林业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：我们在马达加斯加琥珀山国家公园的热带森林内对两种狐猴——冠美狐猴(Eulemur coronatus) (Gray,1842)和桑氏美狐猴(Eulemur sanfordi) (Archbold,1932)——进行了研究。本项调查旨在研究这两个土著狐猴物种对琥珀山森林更新的影响,包括以下几个方面：首先对其取食生态学进行研究,以更好地了解狐猴对琥珀山森林的依赖性；其次对通过它们消化道的种子的发芽作用进行研究,以确定狐猴作为种子传播者的生态作用；最后对种子的发芽生长进行研究,以了解狐猴在琥珀山栖息地恢复和保护策略中的重要性。我们还对琥珀山国家公园内的两种狐猴进行了比较研究,以确定它们生存的交互作用和对森林更新的影响能力。在从旱季末(2013年9月-2013年11月)到雨季初(2013年12月-2014年2月)的396个小时内,对两群有8-9只个体的冠美狐猴和桑氏美狐猴分别进行跟踪、观察和监测,以收集它们采食和排便的信息。对种子发芽和幼苗期的数据采集一直持续到2015年2月份。野外调查人员记录了两群狐猴的取食情况,包括所取食的植物物种,对植物不同器官的偏好,取食的森林层次和所取食植物物种的特征。采集了被跟踪的冠美狐猴和桑氏美狐猴的粪便样本,并对样本进行分析以取出种子。对粪便样本中的种子进行计数、测量和鉴定。对母树和种子排出地点的地理坐标进行记录,使用QGIS软件计算粪便内种子的迁移距离。选取狐猴粪便中最常见的种子进行发芽试验。通过在苗圃内种植狐猴排出的种子和未经过消化道处理的对照种子,可以对所采集种子的发芽潜能进行分析。通过每月对幼苗进行计数和测量来记录幼苗存活及生长的数据。本研究的结果表明：冠美狐猴将32%的时间都用在了取食上,且月份间(F=5.02,p=0.01)和季节间(F=4.97,p=0.03)的取食时间有显著差异。桑氏美狐猴将24%的时间花在取食上,月份间(F=4.59,p=0.01)的取食时间有显著差异,但季节间的取食时间则无显著差异。在整个研究期间内,两种狐猴的取食时间(U=1158,p=0.01)存在显著差异。果实是两种狐猴的主要食物。冠美狐猴在92%的取食时间内都在采食果实,包括成熟果实(58%)和未成熟果实(34%)。采食成熟果实的时间在所有月份中都很高。但在不同的月份间(F=5.12,p=0.01)冠美狐猴取食成熟果实的时间有显著差异,而在不同的季节间(F=2.06,p=0.16)其取食成熟果实的时间则没有显著差异。桑氏美狐猴在80%的取食时间内都在采食果实,包括成熟果实(76%)和未成熟果实(4%)。采食成熟果实的时间在所有月份中都很高。在不同的月份间(F=8.80,p=0.01)和不同的季节间(F=36.36,p=0.01)桑氏美狐猴取食成熟果实的时间都有显著差异。两种狐猴对成熟果实的采食没有显著差异。冠美狐猴采食27科39属的45种植物,其中55.56%是土著种。其日取食植物物种数量没有显著差异(F=0.57,p=0.85),但月(F=4.47,p=0.02)和季节(F=8.39,p=0.05)取食植物物种数量均有显著差异。桑氏美狐猴采食25科30属的34种植物,其中70.59%是土著种。其日(F=0.83,p=0.61)、月(F=6.65,p=0.66)和季节(F=0.51,p=0.48)取食植物物种数量均无显著差异。两种狐猴所采食的植物物种差异显著(U=1439,p=0.01)。桑科植物是两种狐猴采食最多的。冠美狐猴在大部分采食时间内都待在树冠上层。桑氏美狐猴有60%的采食时间都在高大树顶的露生层中取食。两种狐猴都在所有森林层次内进行采食,且其对不同森林层次的利用没有显著差异(U=11,p=0.75)。两种狐猴最常取食的树种的胸径为10-20厘米,高为10-20米。从冠美狐猴的129份新鲜粪便样本中取出了来自23科33种植物的502粒种子。从桑氏美狐猴的1 31份新鲜粪便样本中取出了来自17科25种植物的528粒种子。在两种狐猴中,超过50%的粪便样本包含≤2粒种子,超过70%的粪便样本包含≤2个种子物种。冠美狐猴从母树传播种子的平均距离为97.71米,而桑氏美狐猴从母树传播种子的平均距离为119.64米。经两种狐猴消化道处理的种子的发芽率都比对照组高,种子萌发的平均潜伏期也比对照组低。不过,桑氏美狐猴排出的种子的发芽率要比冠美狐猴的高,其平均潜伏期也较短,曼一惠特尼检测表明其显著程度不同。经两种狐猴消化道处理的种子的成苗率、平均幼苗生长和幼苗高度都比对照组高。冠美狐猴排出的种子的成苗率、平均幼荫生长和幼苗高度都比桑氏美狐猴的高,曼一惠特尼检测表明其显著程度不同。可见,冠美狐猴和桑氏美狐猴的生存有赖于琥珀山森林中的土植物群落,而在它们食谱中存在的差异则可能保证了它们在这一地区的共存。冠美狐猴和桑氏美狐猴都是森林中重要的种子传播者,它们对琥珀山森林生态系统中的种子萌发和植物多样性保护具有重要意义。如果能够保护它们免受人类的威胁,那它们则可以在天然造林进程中扮演十分重要的角色。
[Abstract]:We studied two species of lemurs (Eulemur coronatus) (Gray, 1842) and Eulemur sanfordi (Archbold, 1932) in the tropical forests of the amber Mountain National Park in Madagascar. This study aims to study the effects of the two indigenous lemurs species on the amber mountain forest regeneration, including the following Several aspects: first, the food ecology was studied to better understand the lemurs' dependence on the amber mountain forest; secondly, the effect of seed germination through their digestive tract was studied in order to determine the ecological effect of the lemurs as seed disseminators; finally, the germination and growth of the seeds were studied in order to understand the amurus amurus in amurus amuri. A comparative study of two species of lemurs in amber Mountain National Park was carried out to determine the interaction of their survival and the ability to influence forest regeneration. Within 396 hours from the end of the dry season (November, -2013 September 2013, September 2013) to the beginning of the rainy season (February December 2013), two 8-9 individual lemurs and sauna lemurs were tracked, observed and monitored to collect information about their feeding and defecation. The data collection for seed germination and seedling period continued until February 2015. Field investigators recorded the feeding conditions of two groups of lemurs, including plant species that were fed and different plants. The preference of the organs, the forest level of the feeding and the characteristics of the species of the plant. The samples were collected and the samples were analyzed to take out the seeds. The seeds in the fecal samples were counted, measured and identified. The geographical coordinates of the discharge sites of the mother and seed were recorded and used Q GIS software calculates the migration distance of the seeds in the feces. Select the most common seeds in the lemurs feces for germination test. By planting the seeds from the lemurs in the nursery and the control seeds that are not treated by the digestive tract, the germination potential of the seeds can be analyzed. The seedlings are counted and measured each month to record the young. The results of this study showed that the crowned lemurs spent 32% of their time on feeding, and there was a significant difference in the feeding time between months (F=5.02, p=0.01) and the season (F=4.97, p=0.03). The mulberry lemurs spent 24% of their time on feeding, and there was a significant difference in the feeding time between the months (F=4.59, p=0.01), but the seasons were different. There was no significant difference between the feeding time between the two species of lemurs (U=1158, p=0.01) during the whole study period. The fruit was the main food of two species of lemurs. The crowns and lemurs were eating fruit during the 92% feeding time, including mature fruit (58%) and unripe fruit (34%). All months were high, but there was a significant difference in the time of eating mature fruits of the F=5.12 (p=0.01) in different months (F=2.06, p=0.16), while there was no significant difference in the time of feeding mature fruit between different seasons (F=2.06, p=0.16). The mulberry lemurs were eating fruits, including mature fruit (76%) and immature fruit during the feeding time of 80%. Fruit (4%). The time of eating mature fruits was high in all months. There were significant differences in the time of feeding mature fruit of mulberry lemurs in different months (F=8.80, p=0.01) and different seasons (F=36.36, p=0.01). Two species of lemurs were not significantly different from the mature fruit. 45 species of 27 families and 39 genera were eaten. 55.56% of them were indigenous species. There were no significant differences in the number of daily feeding plants (F=0.57, p=0.85), but there were significant differences in the number of plant species in the month (F=4.47, p=0.02) and the season (F=8.39, p=0.05). The mulberry lemurs took 34 plants of 30 genera, of which 70.59% were indigenous. Their day (F=0.83, p=0.61), month (F=6.65, p=0.66), and season (F) There was no significant difference in the number of plant species for =0.51, p=0.48). There were significant differences between the two species of lemurs (U=1439, p=0.01). The mulberry plants were the most common species of lemurs. The coronal lemurs were in the upper canopy during most of the feeding time. The mulberry lemurs had 60% of the eating time in the high tree top. Two species of lemurs were eaten at all forest levels, and there was no significant difference in the utilization of the different forest levels (U=11, p=0.75). The diameter of the two species of lemur species was 10-20 centimeters and 10-20 meters high. From the 129 fresh feces samples of the coronal lemurs, 502 seeds from 33 species of 23 families were extracted. The lemur 131 fresh feces samples were taken from 528 seeds from 25 species of 17 families. Over 50% of the two species of lemurs, more than 50% of the fecal samples contained less than 2 seeds and more than 70% of the fecal samples contained less than 2 seeds. The average distance from the mother tree was 97.71 meters from the mother tree, and the mulberry lemurs spread seeds from the mother tree. The average distance was 119.64 meters. The germination rate of the seeds treated by the two lemur digestive tract was higher than that of the control group. The average incubation period of the seed germination was also lower than that of the control group. However, the germination rate of the seeds discharged from the mulberry lemurs was higher than that of the crown lemur, and the average incubation period was also shorter. The man Whitney test showed that the seeds were significantly different. The average seedling growth and seedling height of the two species of lemur alimentary canal were higher than those of the control group. The seedling rate of the seeds from the crown beautiful lemurs was higher than that of the saurian lemurs. It depends on the soil plant communities in the amber forest, and the differences in their recipes may ensure their coexistence in this area. Both the crown and the beautiful lemurs and the mulberry lemurs are important seed disseminators in the forest. They are of great significance to the seed germination and plant diversity protection in the amber mountain forest ecosystem. If they can protect them from human threats, they can play a very important role in the natural afforestation process.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q958.1
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本文编号：1961442