白鹤（Scirpus planiculmis）东部种群迁徙停歇区湿地生境保育与恢复研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 14:20

本文选题：白鹤 + 迁徙中转停歇地　；参考：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：白鹤(Grusleucogeranus)是IUCN濒危物种红色名录中的CR(极危)级物种,全球数量约为4000只。目前对白鹤及其停歇地的保护和研究受到了国内外的高度重视。莫莫格国家级自然保护区为白鹤东部种群迁徙路线上的重要中转停歇地,停歇的数量超过整个种群的95%。近几年,由于该区域环境变化和某些保护策略的不科学,致使停歇地有些泡沼补水过剩,而有些却面临着干涸,影响了白鹤的正常停歇和有效栖息面积的增加。如何科学合理的利用水资源,实现白鹤停歇地的保育,已经成为白鹤保护工作中亟待解决的问题。本研究以环境生态学理论为指导,针对莫莫格保护区存在的生态问题,收集了1983~2013年间白鹤现今及历史停歇地水文条件变化、白鹤食物(扁秆呰草Scirpusplaniculmis)的生长情况、白鹤数量变化及其他资料,采用水文模型模拟方法,对现今停歇地已有的恢复工程进行了评价,并对不合理的补水方案提出了调整建议,以此为基础计算了现今停歇地的白鹤环境容纳量,说明了对白鹤历史停歇地补水恢复的必要性。应用生态需水量计算和三维动态模拟方法,模拟两种情景下白鹤历史停歇地不同补水量的栖息地水环境状况并提出补水的实施建议。论文取得了以下研究结果:(1)研究白鹤停歇习性、白鹤主要食物扁秆呰草地上和地下生物量与地表水位之间的关系。结果表明扁秆呰草正常生长的水位范围为-0.05m~0.3m。当水位为0.1m左右时,扁秆呰草地上、地下生物量达到最大值。白鹤多数在水位为0m~0.5m的区域范围内停歇、取食,活动数量能够达到整个研究区停歇白鹤种群数量的92.70%。因此,确定停歇地生境适合白鹤种群活动和扁秆呰草生长的最适水位范围为0m~0.3m。这些水位参数的确定能够为白鹤停歇地补水量的计算提供科学的依据。(2)应用水文模型模拟了白鹤现今停歇地湿地恢复工程建设后的日水位变化情况,分析了恢复工程实施前后水文、植被和白鹤数量的变化。结果表明:在工程建设初期3年,白鹤生境恢复效果显著,具有适宜白鹤种群停歇的水位,扁秆呰草分布面积增加,盖度达到55%~65%,白鹤种群累计停歇数量最大时达到恢复前的4倍,湿地恢复工程的建设对白鹤现今停歇地保护和生境提供发挥了重要的作用;证实了因补水管理方案的不科学,工程建设3年之后白鹤生境质量下降,平均水位达到了0.6m,扁秆呰草分布面积锐减,白鹤数量下降;采用恢复初期白鹤最佳停歇时段的水位变化作为恢复标准,提出了两阶段、三梯度且精确到日补水量的管理方案,即夏初和植被生长季节按照不同需水情况采取两个梯度持续供水,保证白鹤秋季停歇水位及扁秆呰草生长水位;秋末采取大水量快速供水,满足翌年春季白鹤停歇要求的管理建议。(3)依据基础生态学的理论和方法,根据对白鹤取食行为观察及现今停歇地合理恢复后的食物储量,估算了现今停歇地的白鹤环境容纳量。研究结果表明,一只白鹤一年在莫莫格进食大约1.49×105个扁秆呰草球茎,白鹤现今停歇地理论上能够承载大约2765只白鹤停歇。近些年的白鹤实际停歇数量已经达到并超过了这一阈值。为了减小白鹤现今停歇地的压力,防止停歇环境恶化并满足其食物需求,加快对白鹤历史停歇地的恢复以扩大适宜停歇面积,成为对该种群进一步保育应采取的必要措施。(4)根据白鹤历史停歇地1988~2007年白鹤数量和湿地面积等指标的动态分析,估算了历史停歇地适宜白鹤停歇的最小和最适生态需水量分别为2.47×108m~3~3.66×108m~3和4.96×108m~3~10.36×108m~3;建立研究区三维静态模型验证计算结果的准确性,并按照不同阈值下的生态需水量和β值进行补水模拟,校正后的最小和最适生态需水量分别为3.75×108m~3和5.21×108m~3。在此基础上结合研究区实际来水量、来水途径和可操作性,进一步提出了恢复白鹤历史停歇地的三种生态补水方案:一是水量充足时根据嫩江的水文规律和补水区域的实际情况,采取全年持续供水方式。二是根据丰水年、枯水年周期模拟洪水过境情况进行补水。三是来水量不足时可实施的分区补水。基于研究的分析结果,得出既适宜白鹤种群活动又有利于扁秆呰草生长的最适水位范围为0 m~0.3 m。据此评估的白鹤现今停歇地恢复工程初期有利于白鹤的停歇,而后期对停歇造成了较大影响,为此提出了两阶段,三梯度的补水模拟方案。现今停歇地的白鹤环境容纳量已经超过其阈值,需要对历史停歇地进行生态恢复。校正后的历史停歇地最小和最适生态需水量分别为3.75×108m~3和5.21×108m~3。本文对该区域白鹤停歇地的恢复方法和管理方案可为松嫩平原大型水禽停歇地的恢复提供有应用价值的参照,同时也为中国其他地区大型涉禽栖息地的恢复与管理提供参考。
[Abstract]:White crane (Grusleucogeranus) is a CR (extremely dangerous) species in the red list of endangered species of IUCN, with a global number of about 4000. At present, the protection and study of white cranes and their rest sites have been highly valued at home and abroad. Over the 95%. of the whole population in recent years, due to the environmental changes in the region and the unscientific protection strategies, some of the pause sites have been oversupplied by some bubbling marshes, while some are faced with the drying up, which affects the normal rest of the white crane and the increase of the effective habitat area. Based on the theory of environmental ecology, this study, guided by the theory of environmental ecology, collected the changes of the current and historical hydrologic conditions of the white cranes in the 1983~2013 period, the growth of the white crane food (Scirpusplaniculmis), the change of the white crane and the others. The data, using the hydrological model simulation method, appraise the existing restoration projects in the rest of the land, and put forward some suggestions for the adjustment of the unreasonable water supplement scheme, which is based on the calculation of the environmental capacity of the white crane at the present rest and the necessity of the restoration of the water in the historical stop of the white crane. The three dimensional dynamic simulation method was used to simulate the water environment conditions of the habitat of white cranes with different water replenishment at the historic sites and put forward the suggestions for the implementation of water supplement. The following results were obtained: (1) the relationship between the resting habits of white cranes and the relationship between the ground and ground biomass and the surface water level of the white crane's main food flat straw grassland. The water level of normal growth of the grass is -0.05m~0.3m. when the water level is about 0.1M. The underground biomass reaches the maximum value on the flat straw grassland. Most of the white cranes rest in a regional range of 0m~0.5m, and the number of activities can reach 92.70%. of the number of white cranes in the whole study area. The optimum water level of the growth of the white crane population and the growth of the flat straw is 0m~0.3m., which can provide scientific basis for the calculation of the amount of water replenishment of the white crane. (2) the changes of the daily water level after the construction of the restoration project of the white crane are simulated by the application of the hydrologic model, and the results of the restoration project are analyzed before the implementation of the restoration project. After 3 years of engineering construction, the results showed that the restoration effect of white crane habitat was remarkable in the early 3 years of the project construction, with the water level suitable for the rest of white crane population, the distribution area of flattened straw was increased, the coverage reached 55%~65%, and the cumulative stop number of the white crane population reached 4 times that of the restoration, and the construction of the wetland restoration project was white. After 3 years of engineering construction, the quality of the White Crane Habitat decreased, the average water level reached 0.6m, the area of the flat straw was reduced sharply and the number of white cranes decreased. The standard, two stages, three gradient and accurate water supply management plan, that is, in early summer and vegetation growing season, two gradient continuous water supply is adopted in accordance with different water requirements to ensure the water level of the white crane in autumn and the growth water level of flat straw, and the water supply of large amount of water is adopted in the end of autumn to meet the management of the white crane stopping requirements in the following spring. (3) according to the theory and method of basic ecology, according to the observation of the feeding behavior of the white crane and the reasonable recovery of the food reserves, the environmental capacity of the white crane at the present resting place is estimated. The results show that a white crane eats about 1.49 x 105 straw bulbs at Momo in one year, and the white crane is resting today. In recent years, it can hold about 2765 white cranes to stop. The actual number of white cranes in recent years has reached and exceeded the threshold. In order to reduce the pressure of the white cranes at present, prevent the deterioration of the environment and meet its food demand, speed up the restoration of the historic site of the white crane to expand the appropriate rest area and become the population of the population. The necessary measures should be taken for one-step conservation. (4) according to the dynamic analysis of the number of white cranes and the wetland area in 1988~2007, the minimum and optimum ecological water requirements of the historical rest sites were estimated to be 2.47 x 108m~3~3.66 x 108m~3 and 4.96 x 108m~3~10.36 x 108m~3, respectively. The model verified the accuracy of the calculation results, and simulated the water supply according to the ecological water demand and the beta value under different thresholds. The minimum and optimum ecological water requirements after correction were 3.75 * 108m~3 and 5.21 x 108m~3., respectively, on the basis of which the actual water quantity, the way and the maneuverability of the study area were combined, and the historical stop of the white crane was further proposed. Three ecological water supplement schemes are taken as follows: first, according to the hydrological law of Nenjiang and the actual situation of the water supplement area, the continuous water supply mode is adopted. Two is based on the year of abundant water, the year period of the dry water is simulated by the flood transit. Three is the subarea replenishment that can be applied when the water is insufficient. Based on the results of the research, the results are obtained. The optimum water level which is suitable for the population activity of white crane is 0 m~0.3 M., which is beneficial to the suspension of white cranes in the early stage of the restoration of the white crane, and the later period has a great influence on the rest. Therefore, the two stage, the three gradient water supplement simulation scheme. The capacity has exceeded its threshold, and the ecological restoration of historical rest areas is needed. The minimum and optimum ecological water demand after correction is 3.75 x 108m~3 and 5.21 x 108m~3. respectively. The recovery method and management of the white crane resting place in this area can provide the application price for the restoration of large waterfowl in the Songnen Plain. It also provides reference for the restoration and management of large wading habitats in other parts of China.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q958

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