近代交通与东北城市发展（1860-1931）

发布时间：2018-01-27 23:01

  本文关键词： 近代交通 东北 移民 城市结构 城市经济 社会生活　出处：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：文章以1860年至1931年间,交通变革与东北城市人口、结构变动、对外贸易发展、工商业初兴、公共事业建设及生活变迁诸方面的关系为研究对象和内容,进而揭橥东北近代交通变革与城市发展之间多方面的互动与关联。在漫长的东北古代城市发展史中,始终以政治、军事功能为第一要义的东北城镇,数量少、规模小,相对闭塞而缺少变化。东北城乡相互之间及其内部的活动与联系,便是依靠旧式车、马及舟船行于传统土路及江河来完成的。这种交通条件长期停滞不前,至清中期以后,更是对东北实行关禁、海禁、边禁、围禁等封禁措施以及蒙地封禁、旗地封禁、山林封禁、江河湖泊封禁、矿业封禁等封禁内容,从形式上近乎断绝了东北与外界的联络与交流。全面封禁层层锁闭,严格控制了人口流动,制约了东北的经济发展,更是导致清季东北传统水陆交通衰歇。时至近代,伴随外敌入侵、西潮涌入,东北封禁局面彻底被打破,社会各方面为之剧变,交通实为其中最为明显之一项。在动力来源方面,由完全依赖人力、畜力、水力、风力等自然力转向渐以依靠蒸汽力或电力等机械力;在形制方面,半机械化交通工具则对提升运行速度、增加舒适度方面有了突破性的改进。总体来看,近代东北的新式运输工具既有以畜力或人力为动力来源的西式马车、人力车、自行车,又有完全依靠蒸汽力或电力等机械力驱动的电车、轮船、汽车、火车和飞机,同时伴随近代化交通工具的需要,路的进化应运而生。这些交通内容的更新,从整体上改善了近代东北城市的交通环境。过境性交通建成后,成为移民大规模进入并流动于东北各地的途径。借助近代交通线路特别是铁路的运输效能,东北地区得以吸纳大量人口,并散布交通沿线及其节点,促发了新兴城市的产生及原有城镇的扩展。同时,大量借助近代交通“春至冬归”的东北移民,逐渐形成留居者日众的局面。这些动态变化均借助近代交通的建设与发展得以表现出来。近代东北交通特别是铁路线路的建设和运营,在吸纳大量流动型人口并逐渐将之转化为定居型移民的过程中,对城市结构及其形态亦产生了重要甚至是决定性的影响。铁路及航路的发展使近代东北由单中心城市体系向多中心城市体系方向发展,由点状的疏离型城市分布逐渐转变为带状的交通联动型城市体系结构。市内公共交通的形成,更新了近代东北城市内部的地域结构。散居聚落型的传统东北城镇格局受交通枢纽聚集效益的吸引,呈现出集中的态势,进而影响到城市中心的规模、各功能区之间的距离及空间分布。更新后的功能分区形成了不同的组合格局,构成了近代东北城市新的地域结构形态。同时,在交通变革的决定性影响下,近代东北城市地域形态在平面路网及立体建筑上都发生了巨大的改变。在铁路、港口的兴建及其发展所带来的交通整体进化的推促下,近代东北城市的对外贸易及工商业亦开启了近代化的历程。在交通变革的作用下,对外贸易的路线、成本及量值都发生了鲜明的变化,进而使东北各地乃至国际市场之间的经济联系日益加强。同时,近代交通将社会生产、分配、交换及消费等环节有机地联系在一起,使城市工业有所兴发,商业活动不断活跃且随之起伏。与交通紧密相关的东北城市公共事业建设,亦于清末民国时期开始启动。无论是城市内部的公共交通,还是城际之间的长途交通,都使东北近代城市客运业发展起来,进而使东北城市由曾经的“步行”模式的社会形态转向以半机械化与机械化交通内容所构建的社会格局。同时,与交通内容密切相关的下水道、污水处理及绿化等市政建设在东北大中城市中相继得到发展,改变了城市面貌。此外,近代交通的发展,直接刺激了与之相关的邮政、广告等城市服务行业的兴发。交通的进步,使近代东北城市生活的内容与质量都发生了改变,进而对城市民众的生活习性、行为规范与社会风气进行了新的塑造。无论是近代东北城市民众行旅生活品质的提高、生活观念的更新,还是社会风气的变迁,都与交通变革有着千丝万缕的联系。然而,我们也要一分为二地看到,在以上与交通近代化进程密切相关的城市发展诸方面,亦伴随着日、俄等列强的侵略影响。在俄、日等国根据其侵略意图所进行的缺乏整体与长远眼光的先于城市布局的交通规划下,交通枢纽的迁移导致部分传统城镇毫无选择地衰落下去,而因临近交通线路而崛起的城市也往往被分割成几个部分。在同一个城市内,商埠区、铁路附属地与旧市区往往形成了鲜明且悬殊的对比。这种极不合理的情形伴随东北地区行政建制趋于统合,城市各区域之间的壁垒才逐渐被打破。这些城市往往被铁路线路挟制,或呈非自然状态反向发展,或越过铁路线进而被再次分割,造成一分为二甚至一分为三的畸形布局,城市的发展方向和规模因而受到限制。同时,日、俄等列强对近代东北交通的操控,使东北经济各方面的发展,均呈现出不足甚至畸态,滞缓了城市正常发展的脚步。
[Abstract]:The period from 1860 to 1931, changes in the structure of traffic changes and northeast city population, the development of foreign trade, trade relations at the beginning of Xing, construction of public utilities and life change aspects as the research object and content, so as to reveal the association and interaction in many aspects like the modern transformation and development of city traffic in the long room. Northeast ancient city development history, has always been to political, military function for the Northeast Town, the first meaning of small number, small scale, relatively closed and the lack of change. Urban and rural areas in the Northeast between its internal activities and contact, is relying on the old car, horse Jizhou boat trip on the road to complete the traditional soil and rivers long-term. This stalled traffic conditions, to the middle of Qing Dynasty, is implemented on the northeast side of the captivity, ban, ban, ban Wai ban and other measures as well as the Mongolian flag ban, ban, ban mountains, rivers and lakes banned, banned mining Other banned content, from the form of the Northeast nearly cut off contact with the outside world and exchanges. A comprehensive ban by locking, strictly control the population flow, restricting economic development in Northeast China, even in the Qing Dynasty in northeast traditional transportation failure. In modern society, with the influx of foreign invasion, West, northeast banned situation completely broken, drastic changes in all aspects of society for transportation, is one of the most obvious one. In the power source, is entirely dependent on human, animal, hydraulic, wind and other natural forces to gradually to rely on steam force or power mechanical force; in terms of shape, semi mechanized vehicles to improve speed, increase comfort is improved breakthrough. Overall, the new means of transportation in the northeast of modern times both in animal or human powered carriage, rickshaw, bicycle, and completely rely on steam or electric power The driving force and mechanical force car, ship, car, train and plane, accompanied by the need of modern traffic tools, road traffic evolution came into being. These content updates, from the overall improvement of the modern northeast city traffic environment. The transit traffic is completed, way to enter and flow to the northeast around for immigrants large scale. With the aid of modern traffic transportation efficiency of railway lines especially the northeast area to absorb a large number of people, and spread along the traffic and promote the development of the new node, expand the city of the original town. At the same time, a large number of modern traffic by means of "spring to winter" the migration in the northeast, gradually formed in the day these changes are dynamic situation. With the construction and development of modern traffic is shown. The modern northeast transportation especially the construction and operation of the railway line, to absorb a large number of mobile population and Gradually transformed into the process of settlement of immigrants in the city structure and form also has an important and even decisive effect. The development of the railway and the route to the modern northeast development system from a single center city to a multi center city system, city distribution point by alienation gradually transformed into the structure of traffic linkage type city system banded. Public transport form city, update the regional structure of the modern northeast within the city. The traditional settlements scattered type northeast urban pattern is attracted by traffic hub aggregation efficiency, showing a concentration trend, and affect the city center scale, distribution and spatial distance between each functional zone. After the update function partition formed a combination of different pattern, constitute a form of regional structure of the new modern city in Northeast China. At the same time, the decisive influence of traffic changes under the modern Northeast Regional City Forms have undergone tremendous changes in the plane and three-dimensional architecture. In the network traffic caused by the railway, the evolution of the whole building and development of the port of the promotion, foreign trade and industry of modern northeast city also opened the course of modernization. In the traffic changes under the effect of foreign trade route cost and the value of sharp change, so that the economic ties between the northeast country and international market increasingly. At the same time, the traffic will be modern social production, distribution, exchange and consumption together, so that the city has Xingfa, commercial activities is continuously active and consequently the ups and downs. The construction of public utilities in northeast city closely related with the traffic, also started in the late Qing Dynasty in the period of the Republic of China. It is within the city public transportation, or intercity long-distance traffic, the modern northeast city passenger transport industry Show up, and then make the northeast city from the former "walk" mode of social form to semi mechanization and mechanization of traffic content social pattern. At the same time, closely related with the content of traffic sewer, sewage treatment and other municipal greening construction in large and medium-sized cities in Northeast China have been developing, changing the appearance of the city. In addition, the development of modern transportation, directly stimulate the related post, advertising and other service industries of the city. Traffic Xingfa progress, the content and quality of modern northeast city life has changed, and the living habits of the city people, behavior norms and social atmosphere of the new building. No matter is to improve the quality of life of people in the northeast city travel, update the concept of life, or social change, are inextricably linked with the traffic change. However, we will be divided into a Two see the city above and traffic modernization is closely related to the development, also accompanied by the day, Russia's aggression. In Russia, Japan and other countries according to its aggressive intentions of the lack of transportation planning ahead of the layout of the city's overall and long-term perspective, the migration hub of the cause the traditional town have no choice but to decline due to approaching traffic routes and the rise of the city is often divided into several parts. In the same city, commercial district, railway subsidiaries with the old urban areas often contrasts and disparity. This is extremely unreasonable situation with the Northeast administrative system tends to integration. Between the city regional barriers had gradually been broken. The city is often the railway line by, or a non natural state or reverse development, cross the railway line and then be divided again, resulting in a split into two even A layout is divided into three malformations, development direction and scale of the city and thus is limited. At the same time, to control traffic of Modern Northeast Russia, so that all aspects of the development of the northeast economy, both showed inadequate or even abnormal, slow the normal development of city's footsteps.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F512.9;F299.29;K207
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本文编号：1469108