论马克思恩格斯对经济决定论的批判

发布时间：2018-02-25 01:16

  本文关键词： 唯物史观 经济决定论 古典政治经济学　出处：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文旨在研究马克思恩格斯对经济决定论的批判,尝试厘清唯物史观与经济决定论之间的关系,力求为唯物史观正名。第二国际理论家将唯物史观解读为经济决定论,这引起了晚年马克思恩格斯的强烈不满。既然唯物史观不同于经济决定论,那么,问题的关键则是马克思恩格斯究竟怎样批判经济决定论。要解决这一问题,首先要对经济决定论的自身谱系进行分析。即,通过对经济决定论的社会历史情境与理论语境的还原式分析,梳理第二国际理论家所表现的不同程度的经济决定论倾向,揭示经济决定论的含义及其实质。这既是对“什么是经济决定论”的回答,同时也构成了马克思恩格斯批判经济决定论的原由。马克思虽未有专门的论著来批判经济决定论,但是,马克思对经济决定论的批判是蕴含在从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《资本论》及其手稿中的政治经济学批判的一条隐性线索。这一批判的具体过程为:在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中通过对国民经济学的批判,阐明了社会、历史与人等要素相统一的观点,使得唯物史观的解释体系得以可能;在《德意志意识形态》中通过对资本主义私有制的现实批判,展现了古典政治经济学、经济决定论与唯物史观的根本不同;在《资本论》及其手稿中通过对资本主义生产关系的总体性批判,揭示了资本主义社会制度的病态机制,打破了古典政治经济学家的实证主义幻象。如果说马克思对经济决定论的批判是蕴含在政治经济学批判中的一条隐性线索的话,那么,恩格斯晚年通信中对经济决定论的批判则无疑是一种显性话语的呈现。在马克思逝世之后,资本主义在世界范围内发生了许多重要转变,资产阶级理论家与第二国际理论家由此对唯物史观提出种种质疑与批判。面对现实的考验与理论挑战,恩格斯晚年以与社会主义者通信的方式纠正了人们对唯物史观的种种误解。他重申了唯物史观的方法论意义,阐发了唯物史观的历史辩证法思想,通过对经济基础与上层建筑的关系、意识形态的相对独立性、社会历史合力论的辩证阐释展示了唯物史观的丰富内涵,给经济决定论对唯物史观的诘难予以了严厉的回击。通过对古典政治经济学与经济决定论、马克思政治经济学批判之间关系的理论分析发现,唯物史观与经济决定论虽然“同根于”(或继承)古典政治经济学,但唯物史观又与其具有根本性的差异,最终澄清经济决定论对唯物史观的误解、误读,揭示唯物史观对经济决定论的超越。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study Marx and Engels' critique of economic determinism, try to clarify the relationship between historical materialism and economic determinism, and try to correct the name of historical materialism. This led to the strong dissatisfaction of Marx and Engels in his later years. Since historical materialism is different from economic determinism, the key to the problem is how Marx and Engels criticize economic determinism. First of all, it is necessary to analyze the genealogy of economic determinism. That is, through the analysis of the social and historical context and the theoretical context of economic determinism, we should sort out the different degrees of economic determinism tendency shown by the second international theorist. Revealing the meaning and essence of economic determinism. This is not only the answer to "what is economic determinism", but also the original reason for Marx and Engels to criticize economic determinism. However, Marx's critique of economic determinism is a hidden clue contained in the critique of political economy from "Economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844" to "Capital" and its manuscripts. Manuscripts on philosophy through criticism of National Economics, It clarifies the unity of social, historical and human elements, which makes the interpretation system of historical materialism possible, and shows the classical political economy through the realistic criticism of capitalist private ownership in German ideology. The fundamental difference between economic determinism and historical materialism is that, in Capital and its manuscripts, the morbid mechanism of capitalist social system is revealed through the overall criticism of capitalist relations of production. Breaking the positivism illusion of classical political economists. If Marx's critique of economic determinism is a hidden clue contained in the critique of political economy, then, Engels' critique of economic determinism in his late years' correspondence was undoubtedly a manifestation of overt utterance. After Marx's death, many important changes took place in capitalism around the world. Therefore, bourgeois theorists and second international theorists put forward various questions and criticisms to historical materialism. In his later years, Engels corrected all kinds of misunderstandings about historical materialism by communicating with socialists. He reiterated the methodological significance of historical materialism and expounded the historical dialectic thought of historical materialism. Through the dialectical interpretation of the relationship between economic base and superstructure, the relative independence of ideology and the theory of social and historical resultant force, the rich connotation of historical materialism is shown. Through the theoretical analysis of the relationship between classical political economics and economic determinism and Marx's critique of political economy, it is found that, Although historical materialism and economic determinism are "rooted in" (or inherited) classical political economics, historical materialism is fundamentally different from it, and finally clarifies the misunderstanding and misreading of historical materialism by economic determinism. Reveal the transcendence of historical materialism to economic determinism.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B03;F091.91
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本文编号：1532447