新疆南部棉区棉蚜与棉长管蚜种间关系的格局变化及影响因素分析

发布时间：2017-12-27 07:27

本文关键词：新疆南部棉区棉蚜与棉长管蚜种间关系的格局变化及影响因素分析　出处：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：棉蚜Aphis gosspii和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiiphon gossypii是新疆棉区棉花上的共存种。棉长管蚜散生无群集现象,密度相对较低,一般不造成严重危害,而棉蚜由于种群异质性大、适应力强、增殖迅速等特性,极易暴发成灾。一段时间以来棉长管蚜和棉蚜在南疆棉田形成了较为稳定的种间格局,棉花出苗至现蕾期前后以棉长管蚜为主,中后期棉蚜为优势种,早期发生的棉长管蚜滋生和培养的天敌对中后期棉蚜发生有重要抑制作用。近几年调查结果显示新疆南部植棉区棉长管蚜在棉田早期适宜温度条件下种群下降,而棉蚜已成为棉花整个生育期的单优蚜虫种群,危害呈加重趋势,同时依赖化学防治也加剧了与传统生物防治的矛盾。本文以新疆南部转基因棉田棉蚜和棉长管蚜种间关系的格局变化为切入点,以两种蚜虫的种间竞争为线索,重点从转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉长管蚜和棉蚜的发育与繁殖、种群动态、天敌作用及不同害虫种群对杀虫剂的敏感性等方面,探讨棉蚜与棉长管蚜种间竞争优势演变的机制,以期了解二者在新疆南部棉区的演替规律以及棉蚜发生危害加重与棉长管蚜种群动态的关系。综合全文研究内容,得到如下结果:(1)新疆南部各植棉区转Bt基因抗虫棉种植占比例进一步提高,2016年新疆南部棉区转Bt基因抗虫棉种植比例已占79.69%,较2013年提高13.69%。结果显示新疆南部植棉区棉花生长前期棉蚜在数量上已占绝对优势,棉长管蚜种群明显下降。转Bt基因抗虫棉品种与其它品种相比,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量无明显变化,而棉田采用化学防治后,转Bt基因抗虫棉、亲本常规棉和新陆中54三个品种处理区棉蚜有再猖獗现象,其平均密度分别提高19.37%、14.07%和9.67%。(2)棉蚜和棉长管蚜对转Bt基因抗虫棉等三个不同棉花品种的取食选择无明显差异,三个棉花品种上棉蚜单种种群的内禀增长率(rm)均显著大于棉长管蚜,棉蚜在新陆中54上内禀增长率最高,但不同棉花品种间差异不明显。棉蚜增长潜力也明显大于棉长管蚜,棉蚜最高密度在Bt棉、常规棉和新陆中54棉花品种上达到2138头/株、2243头/株和2310头/株,分别是棉长管蚜最高密度的8.65倍、8.38倍和8.85倍。两种蚜虫高密度条件下的竞争对棉长管蚜种群的逆密度制约效应大于其种内竞争。(3)棉长管蚜和棉蚜在Bt棉、亲本常规棉和新陆中54品种上的发育历期分别为7.42 d、8.42 d、8.22 d 和 5.68 d、6.27 d、6.39 d,存活率分别为 84.29%、81.31%、82.88%和 83.07%、80.52%、82.29%,品种间差异不显著。棉长管蚜和棉蚜相比,在Bt棉等三个棉花品种上棉长管蚜的生命表参数平均历期、种群加倍时间大于棉蚜,而种群的净生殖率和内禀增长率显著小于棉蚜,棉蚜比棉长管蚜具有更强的繁殖力。(4)十一星瓢虫Coccinellaa uudecimpunctata对棉蚜和棉长管蚜捕食潜力较大,α/Th综合指标显示十一星瓢虫1-4龄幼虫和成虫对棉蚜的a/ah值分别为1.21、53.65、71.75、148.30、143.33,1-4龄幼虫和成虫对棉长管蚜的α/Th值分别为2.08、46.83、46.07、36.59、112.01,除1龄期外,对棉蚜控制力大于棉长管蚜,捕食选择指数随密度升高选择效应增加,且成虫比幼虫具有更高的选择效应。(5)田间控制试验显示保留自然天敌处理和完全排除天敌相比,在Bt棉和亲本常规棉2个品种上棉蚜最高种群密度为52600头/百株和53333头/百株,分别是保留自然天敌处理区棉蚜密度的30.06倍和23.95倍,证明自然条件下棉蚜种群受到自然天敌的重要制约作用。Bt棉田天敌控制作用和常规棉田相似,自然天敌具有较强的生物防治功能。(6)吡虫啉和啶虫脒对棉长管蚜的LC50均明显小于棉蚜。吡虫啉对南疆3个地方棉蚜种群的LC50分别为22.31 mg/L、20.42 mg/L和15.53 mg/L,是对应地区棉长管蚜种群的3.1倍、3倍和2.9倍,啶虫脒处理其LC50分别为42.35 mg/L、45.63 mg/L和30.27 mg/L,是对应地区棉长管蚜种群的5.6倍、5.1倍和7.1倍;吡虫啉和啶虫脒LC30处理后,棉蚜和棉长管蚜F1代种群平均历期缩短、净生殖率降低、内禀增长率提高、种群加倍时间缩短,两种农药对棉蚜和棉长管蚜具有明显的亚致死效应。
[Abstract]:Aphis gosspii of cotton aphid and cotton aphid Acyrthosiiphon gossypii is a kind of cotton on the coexistence of Xinjiang. Cotton aphid scattered no cluster phenomenon, relatively low density, generally do not cause serious harm, but because of population heterogeneity, aphid adaptability, rapid proliferation characteristics, easily outbreak. A period of time since the cotton aphid and cotton aphid in cotton form interspecific pattern is relatively stable, cotton seedling emergence to visible bud stage before and after the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was the dominant species in the late, in the early period of cotton aphid breeding and cultivation of predators have important inhibitory effects on cotton aphid occurrence in the late. The results of the survey show that in recent years in the early cotton aphid population decline under the condition of suitable temperature in southern Xinjiang cotton and cotton, cotton aphid has become the whole growth period and single aphid population showed a trend of increase at the same time, harm, rely on chemical control is also exacerbated the conflict with the traditional biological control. Based on the pattern change of southern Xinjiang transgenic cotton aphid and cotton aphid long tube interspecies relationship as the starting point, in the competition of two species of aphids species as a clue, from the point of development and reproduction, Bt transgenic cotton to cotton aphid and aphid population dynamics, natural enemies and different pest populations insecticide sensitivity and other aspects, to explore the mechanism of evolution of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and interspecific competition advantage, in order to understand the harm of relationship with the cotton aphid population dynamics of the two succession in the southern Xinjiang area and cotton aphid. In summary, the results are as follows: (1) the cotton planting area of southern Xinjiang Bt transgenic cotton planting proportion further increased, in 2016 in southern Xinjiang in transgenic Bt cotton planting proportion accounted for 79.69%, an increase of 13.69% compared to 2013. Results show that cotton in southern Xinjiang cotton region in the early growth stage of cotton aphid has accounted for the absolute superiority in quantity, the cotton aphid population decreased significantly. Bt cotton compared with other varieties, cotton aphid and aphid population had no obvious change, and the chemical control of cotton, transgenic Bt cotton, parental cotton and Xinluzhong 54 three varieties of cotton processing zone resurgence phenomenon, the average density increased by 19.37%, 14.07% and 9.67% respectively. (2) cotton aphid and aphid of Bt transgenic cotton in three different cotton varieties on the choice of no significant difference, the intrinsic growth rate of single aphid populations of three cotton varieties (RM) were significantly higher than that of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in Xinluzhong 54 intrinsic growth rate was the highest, but the difference is not obvious among different cotton varieties. The growth potential of cotton aphid was significantly larger than that of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii the highest density in Bt cotton and conventional cotton and Xinluzhong 54 cotton varieties reached 2138 and 2243 per plant and 2310 per plant, respectively, cotton aphid is the highest density of 8.65 times, 8.38 times and 8.85 times. The anti density effect of two species of aphid on the population of cotton aphid was greater than that in the intraspecific competition. (3) cotton aphid and cotton aphid in Bt cotton, parental cotton and Xinluzhong 54 varieties on the growth period were 7.42 D, 8.42 D, 8.22 D and 5.68 D, 6.27 D, 6.39 D, the survival rates were 84.29%, 81.31%, 82.88% and 83.07%, 80.52%, 82.29% varieties the difference was not significant. Cotton aphid and cotton aphid than long tube, life table parameters avenae in Bt cotton, three cotton varieties of cotton average duration, population doubling time is greater than the population of cotton aphid, and net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase was significantly less than that of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii than cotton aphid has stronger fecundity. (4) eleven star Coccinellaa uudecimpunctata on Ladybug cotton aphid and aphid predation potential, alpha /Th index shows a/ah eleven star beetle 1-4 instar larvae and adults of cotton aphid were 1.21, 53.65, 71.75 /Th, 148.30, 143.33,1-4 instar larvae and adults of cotton aphid values were 2.08 46.83, 46.07, 36.59, 112.01, in addition to the 1 instar stage, the control force is greater than the cotton aphid aphid, prey selection index selection effect increases with the increase of the density, and ratio of adult larvae with higher selection effect. (5) the field control test showed that the retention of natural enemies and completely exclude predators than in Bt cotton and conventional cotton varieties were 2 on the highest aphid population density was 52600 per hundred plants and 53333 per hundred plants, respectively is to retain the natural enemies of Aphis gossypii processing area density 30.06 times and 23.95 times, that restrict the role of natural conditions of aphid population by natural enemies. The control function of the natural enemy of Bt cotton field is similar to that of the conventional cotton field, and natural natural enemies have strong biological control function. (6) of imidacloprid and Acetamiprid in cotton aphid Aphis gossypii were significantly less than LC50. In the 3 place of Imidacloprid on Aphis gossypii LC50 were 22.31 mg/L, 20.42 mg/L and 15.53 mg/L, corresponding to cotton aphid population 3.1 times, 3 times and 2.9 times, acetamiprid LC50 were 42.35 mg/L, 45.63 mg/L and 30.27 mg/L, 5.6 times, corresponding to long cotton area Guan Ya population 5.1 times and 7.1 times; Imidacloprid and acetamiprid after LC30 treatment, cotton aphid and aphid F1 populations the average duration was shortened, the lower net reproductive rate, the intrinsic growth rate increased and the population doubling time, two kinds of pesticide aphid has obvious effect on Asia caused the death of cotton aphid and long tube.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S435.622

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