黄土旱塬区小麦品种生产力演变研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 05:13

本文关键词：黄土旱塬区小麦品种生产力演变研究　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究利用黄土旱塬区1972年到2008年间品种区域试验和气象资料,从长时间尺度分析旱作农田冬小麦产量和水分的协同效应,同时选择上世纪40年代至今在该地区大面积种植的冬小麦品种作为研究材料,于2007年开始进行田间试验,结合室内分析,系统研究黄土旱塬区不同年代小麦品种旗叶光合特性、不同地上部营养器官干物质和养分运移对粒重贡献率、植株对干旱的响应等相关性状的演化特征,得到以下结论:1自1972年至2008年间,黄土旱塬区育种技术的不断发展促使冬小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重得到有效改良,产量显著提高。该地区年度和季节性降水波动幅度大,导致小麦产量随之大幅度波动,其中平水年内平均籽粒产量为4311.9 kg ha-1,丰水年为4361.0 kg ha-1,干旱年为3641.6 kg ha-1。现阶段旱作产量的波动还无法消除,现代农业技术只能使得产量在较高的水平上波动。随着品种的更替,小麦产量尽管得到显著提高,但相比国内外其它地区,这一增幅仍不够大。因此,应当继续增加单位面积籽粒数和千粒重,提高小麦“库容”,改善干物质分配比例,进一步提高黄土旱塬区冬小麦产量。2 1940s至2010s该地区小麦籽粒产量增加了7倍,不同年代推广的小麦品种种植于同一环境下时,限制粮食增产的原因主要是穗粒数和千粒重,而不是受限于光合产物的生产,产量的提高与旗叶净光合速率无显著相关。净光合速率的遗传改良与产量的增加之间没有显著的相关性,说明其并不限制籽粒产量,可能有足够的光合能力,或者其他因素限制增产。籽粒产量与穗粒数(r=0.855,P0.05)、收获指数(r=0.885,P0.01)和千粒重(r=0.879,P0.01)呈显著正相关。因此,在半干旱雨养农业地区,小麦“库强”是产量增加的决定因素,而不是选择增加叶片净光合速率。3尽管干旱胁迫使得现代小麦品种产量降低最多,但仍高于之前品种,现代品种花后可积累更多干物质。与干旱胁迫相比,适宜环境营养器官花前干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率显著提高。干旱胁迫可显著降低籽粒灌浆持续时间,平均由47.4 d降低至41.7 d,灌浆速率平均由0.03 g d-1降低至0.02 g d-1,不同小麦品种成穗数也显著下降,平均降低39%左右。4随品种的更替,花后植株N、P和K含量呈显著增加趋势,现代品种较早期品种增加26%、24%、21%,较中期品种增加12%、14%、7%。与植株养分含量变化趋势相似,花后N吸收量与K吸收量基本相同,而相同生育期P吸收量则较二者显著减少。不同冬小麦品种扬花期前养分吸收量占整个生育期内养分吸收量比例最高,且早期小麦品种最高,中期品种次之,现代品种最低。随品种的更替,不同年代品种间N、P和K含量、吸收量均显著增加。花后不同生长期和不同小麦品种普遍对植株茎秆、叶片、籽粒养分含量和吸收量存在显著影响。5品种的改良可显著提高作物产量水分利用效率。随品种的更替,现代品种较早期品种平均增加62%,较中期品种加25%。随降水的增加,该地区小麦产量水分利用效率也随之提高,现代品种增高最多,为175%,中期品种次之,早期品种最低。
[Abstract]:This research uses the 1972 Loess Plateau to 2008 years variety regional test and meteorological data analysis, synergistic effect of Dryland Winter Wheat Yield and water from the long time scale, and in 40s the last century so far in the winter wheat varieties planted in a large area in the region as the research materials, began field trials in 2007, combined with laboratory analysis that's in different wheat varieties on the Loess Plateau region of leaf photosynthetic characteristics in different vegetative organs dry matter and nutrient transport contribution rate to grain weight, the evolution characteristics of the response of plants to drought related traits, we get the following conclusions: 1 from 1972 to 2008, the development of breeding technology in Loess Plateau Area prompted winter wheat, spike number, grain number and grain weight was effectively improved. The yield increased significantly. The annual and seasonal precipitation fluctuation, wheat yield with lead Large amplitude fluctuations, the average grain yield level years of 4311.9 kg HA-1, 4361 kg HA-1 wet year, dry year is 3641.6 kg ha-1. at this stage yield fluctuations cannot be eliminated, modern agricultural technology can only make the output fluctuation at a high level. With a replacement, although the yield of wheat has been significantly improved, but compared to other domestic and international areas, this increase is still not big enough. Therefore, should continue to increase the per unit area grain number and grain weight of wheat, increase capacity, improve the distribution of dry matter ratio, to further improve the grain yield of the winter wheat yield in dry land of Loess Plateau Area of.2 1940s to 2010s increased by 7 times. In the promotion of different wheat varieties were planted in the same environment, food production is the main reason to limit grain number and grain weight, but not limited to photosynthate production and improve yield of flag leaf The net photosynthetic rate had no significant correlation. No significant correlation between genetic improvement and yield increased net photosynthetic rate, which does not limit the grain yield, may have enough photosynthetic capacity, or other factors limiting yield. Grain yield and grain number (r=0.855, P0.05), harvest index (r=0.885, P0.01 (r=0.879, P0.01) and 1000) showed a significant positive correlation. Therefore, in the semi arid agricultural area, wheat "strong base" is the deciding factor of yield increases, rather than increase the net photosynthetic rate.3 although drought stress makes modern wheat varieties yield the largest decrease, but still higher than before the accumulation of varieties. More dry matter can modern cultivars. Compared with drought stress, suitable for dry matter accumulation of the contribution rate to grain significantly improve the environment in vegetative organs before. Drought stress significantly reduced grain filling duration, from an average of 47.4 D reduced to 41.7 D, the average filling rate from 0.03 g down to 0.02 D-1 g D-1, different varieties of wheat spike number decreased significantly, the average reduced by about 39%.4 with the replacement of varieties, after flowering plants N, P and K content increased significantly, the modern varieties with early varieties increased by 26%, 24%, 21%, compared with the medium term varieties increased 12%, 14%, 7%. and plant nutrient content change trend is similar to that of N after anthesis absorption and the absorption amount of K is basically the same, but the same growth period P uptake is significantly reduced. Two different winter wheat cultivars at flowering stage before the nutrient uptake in the whole growth period accounted for the highest proportion of nutrient absorption the highest, and early wheat varieties, medium cultivars, modern varieties was lowest. With the replacement of varieties, varieties of different ages between N, P and K content, absorption amount increased significantly. After flowering in different growth periods and different wheat varieties generally on plant stalk, leaf, seed nutrient content and absorption There were significant effects of modified.5 varieties can improve crop yield and water use efficiency yield. With the replacement of varieties, modern varieties with early varieties increased by an average of 62%, compared with the medium term varieties plus 25%. with precipitation increasing, the water use efficiency in wheat yield increases, increased the most modern varieties, 175% varieties, mid the early varieties of the lowest.

【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S512.1

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