栽培模式对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响及生理机制的研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 17:08

本文关键词：栽培模式对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响及生理机制的研究　出处：《华中农业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着人口不断增加和耕地面积减少的趋势难以逆转,保证包括水稻在内的粮食安全主要通过提高单产来实现。然而,由于环境胁迫、粗放的栽培管理模式与品种高产潜力的需求不配套等不利因素的影响,农民习惯栽培模式与产量潜力之间存在着较大的产量差,肥料利用效率也较低。因此,探索不同的栽培模式对水稻产量及肥料利用效率的影响及其生理机制具有较重要的理论指导意义和现实应用价值。基于上述目的,我们于2011、2012和2013年设置了不同栽培模式的比较试验。试验在湖北省武穴市花桥镇的大田条件下进行,试验共设置5种不同栽培模式,分别为:不施氮对照(N0)、当地农民高产模式(Farmers'Practice,FP)、农民习惯优化模式(Modified Farmers'Practice,MFP)、超高产模式(Super High Yielding Management,SHY)和分次施肥模式(Multi-split Topdressing,MST)。比较研究了不同栽培模式对水稻产量、经济效益、氮肥利用率以及生长发育特性对产量形成的影响,优选适于长江中下游地区推广的高产高效栽培技术模式并揭示其高产高效的机理。主要的研究结果如下:1.不同的栽培模式对水稻产量的影响差异显著,FP模式的平均产量为8.16 t hm-2,显著低于其他栽培模式,且该模式下相同品种在不同年份之间的产量变幅为12.39%。多数情况下,MST、SHY和MFP等三种栽培模式之间的产量差异不显著,三者的平均产量分别为9.49、9.34和8.84 t hm-2,均显著高于FP,并且相同品种在不同年份间的产量变幅相比于FP也显著减小,其中MST的产量变幅最低,仅为5.60%。2.MST、SHY和MFP等栽培模式比FP产量显著提高的主要生理机制是由于其分蘖数、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和干物质积累量比FP模式显著增加,成熟期单位面积有效穗数、单位面积颖花数显著提高所致。研究发现MST、SHY和MFP与FP之间的单叶光合特性(光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度差异不显著。3.不同的栽培模式下,水稻的花前花后干物质积累差异显著,MST、SHY、MFP三种栽培模式平均花前干物质积累量为10.6 t hm-2、10.7 t hm-2、9.2 t hm-2,平均花后干物质积累量为7.4 t hm-2、7.8 t hm-2、7.6 t hm-2,三者彼此差异不显著但显著高FP模式;花前花后干物质积累量与产量均呈现出显著正相关关系,其中花前干物质积累量正相关决定系数较高,达到0.6416。水稻花前茎鞘干物质向籽粒中的转运率与贡献率在不同的品种间差异明显,但在不同的栽培模式中差异不明显。扬两优6号、Y两优689与皖稻153的平均干物质转运率分别为12.1%、19.0%和5.3%,茎鞘干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率分别为13.4%、21.6%和7.5%,花前茎鞘干物质转运对产量较低的贡献率表明花后干物质积累对产量的作用更大。4.不同栽培模式显著影响着水稻的单位面积有效穗数与每穗颖花数,进而影响库容量的大小。高产的MST、SHY与MFP模式各生育期内的分蘖数显著高于FP处理,成穗率与FP差异不显著,成熟期的效穗数相比于FP显著提高;进一步的研究表明,MST、SHY与MFP处理相比于FP处理,颖花分化数显著增加,退化数降低,有利于大穗的形成。同时本研究的结果还表明,不同类型的水稻品种颖花分化与退化对氮素的响应特性不同,可见在水稻幼穗分化期需对不同穗型的水稻品种采用不同的氮肥管理技术来提高每穗颖花数。5.栽培模式对氮肥利用率的影响存在显著差异,MST、MFP、SHY和FP氮肥的农学利用效率总平均值分别为17.68 kg kgN-1、13.70 kg kgN-1、12.98 kg kgN-1和9.27 kg kgN-1;吸收利用效率的总平均值分别为63.15%、47.32%、42.30%和28.33%,氮肥的农学利用率和吸收利用率均以MST最高,其次是SHY和MFP,而FP模式则较低。可见,以MST模式作为参照,我国水稻农民习惯模式的农学利用率和吸收利用率具有相当大的提升空间。6.研究发现,不同栽培模式下水稻的氮素积累量、氮素收获指数存在着较为显著的差异,但茎鞘氮素转运率的差异未达到显著性水平。氮素的积累量与氮素的吸收利用率存在着一定的正相关关系,表明增加氮素的吸收有利于提高水稻的氮肥利用率;氮素的收获指数与氮素的吸收利用率存在着显著的曲线相关,当氮素收获指数在63.8%左右时,水稻的氮肥利用率最高。7.在本试验条件下比较研究了植物生长调节剂和叶面肥对水稻产量、氮肥利用率的调控效应。结果发现,在水稻幼穗分化期叶面喷洒“芸薹素内酯+赤霉素”、“细胞分裂素+芸薹素内酯”和追施“磷酸二氢钾”的化学调控处理对水稻的产量、氮肥利用率的影响效果均不显著。
[Abstract]:With the increasing population and cultivated land area decrease difficult to reverse the trend, including rice, ensure food security mainly by increasing the yields achieved. However, due to environmental stress, the effect of extensive cultivation and management mode and varieties of high yield potential demand is not complete and other unfavorable factors, between the potential cultivation mode of farmers and production habits existed the yield, fertilizer utilization efficiency is low. Therefore, to explore the effects of different planting modes on Rice Yield and fertilizer use efficiency and its physiological mechanism has important theoretical significance and practical value. Based on the above purpose, we set up a comparative experiment of different cultivation modes in 20112012 and 2013. The test was carried out in Hubei province Wuxue Huaqiao Town, under field conditions, the test set of 5 different cultivation modes, respectively: no nitrogen control (N0), when the farmers high Production mode (Farmers'Practice, FP), farmers used optimization model (Modified Farmers'Practice MFP), super high yield (Super High Yielding Management model, SHY) and fertilization (Multi-split Topdressing MST) model. A comparative study on the economic benefits of different cultivation patterns on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and effect on growth and development characteristics the yield formation, preferably suitable for the promotion of high yield and high efficiency cultivation pattern of the Yangtze River region and reveal the mechanism of high yield and high efficiency. The main results are as follows: 1. effects of different planting patterns on rice yield significantly, the average yield of FP was 8.16 t hm-2, was significantly lower than other cultivation mode, and the output amplitude at between different vintages of the same species under the mode of 12.39%. in most cases, the yield difference between three kinds of MST, SHY and MFP etc. the cultivation mode is not significant, the average of the three Yield were 9.49,9.34 and 8.84 t hm-2 were significantly higher than that of FP, and the output amplitude in different years of the same species compared to FP also significantly reduced, the yield of MST was the lowest, only 5.60%.2.MST, SHY and MFP etc. the main cultivation pattern is significantly higher than the FP yield mechanism is due to the number of tillers the leaf area index, leaf SPAD value and dry matter accumulation than the FP model significantly increased mature panicles, spikelets per unit area increased by. The study found that MST, the leaf photosynthetic characteristics between SHY and MFP and FP (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance of cultivation mode difference of CO2 concentration and no significant difference of.3. under different rice anthesis dry matter accumulation after anthesis had significant difference, MST, SHY, MFP three kinds of cultivation patterns of average dry matter accumulation before anthesis was 10.6 t hm-2,10.7 t hm-2,9.2 t hm-2, the average dry matter accumulation after anthesis was 7.4 T hm-2,7.8 t hm-2,7.6 t hm-2, three, the difference was not significantly but significantly higher FP; before anthesis dry matter accumulation after flowering and yield showed significant positive correlation, which showed the amount of dry matter accumulation is positively related to high determination coefficient reached 0.6416., before rice stem and sheath dry matter and the contribution rate in different varieties the difference between the apparent translocation to grain rate, but in different cultivation modes in the difference is not obvious. Jan two Liangyou 6, Y two and 689 with Wandao 153 average dry matter translocation rate were 12.1%, 19% and 5.3%, stem and sheath dry matter translocation to grain contribution rate was 13.4% 21.6% and 7.5%, while the stem and sheath dry matter transportation of low yield contribution rate indicates that the dry matter accumulation after Anthesis on Yield Effect of different cultivation patterns more.4. significantly affect rice panicles and spikelets per panicle, thereby affecting the size of the library. High yield of MST, SHY and MFP model of the tiller growth period was significantly higher than that of FP treatment, spike rate and FP were not significantly different, mature spike number effect compared to FP significantly increased; further research showed that MST, SHY and MFP compared to FP treatment, a significant increase in the number of spikelet differentiation. The number of degradation decreased, is conducive to the formation of large spike at the same time. The results also showed that different types of rice varieties of floret differentiation and degeneration in response to nitrogen, visible in young panicle differentiation stage of rice to rice varieties with different panicle types with different nitrogen management techniques to improve the spikelets per panicle are significant differences of nitrogen use efficiency effect of.5. cultivation mode of MST, MFP, SHY and FP n agronomic efficiency, the total average values were 17.68 kg kgN-1,13.70 kg kgN-1,12.98 kg kgN-1 and 9.27 kg kgN-1; the efficiency of absorption of the total average value was 63.15% 47.32%, 42.30%, and 28.33%, and the rate of absorption and utilization rate of MST was the highest nitrogen use, followed by SHY and MFP, and the FP pattern is low. Obviously, MST model as reference, China's rice farmers used mode of agronomic use has considerable increase of space.6. and found that the rate of absorption the utilization rate of nitrogen accumulation in Rice under different cultivation mode, there is a more significant difference but the difference of nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen translocation of stem and sheath rate did not reach the significant level. There is a positive correlation between the rate of the nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption, shows that with the increase of nitrogen absorption is beneficial to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of rice; rate of significant curve using nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen absorption, when nitrogen harvest index was 63.8%, the highest nitrogen use efficiency of rice.7. comparative study in this experiment The plant growth regulator and foliar fertilizer on rice yield, the regulation effect of nitrogen use efficiency. The results showed that spraying brassinolide + gibberellin in young panicle differentiation stage of rice leaf, "cytokinin + Brassinolide and topdressing" chemical control of potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the yield of rice "the principle, effect of nitrogen utilization the rate was not significant.

【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S511

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