春玉米抗茎倒能力评价及其化学调控技术研究

发布时间：2018-01-02 00:27

本文关键词：春玉米抗茎倒能力评价及其化学调控技术研究　出处：《中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所)》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：东北平原位于世界三大“玉米带”,由于土壤肥沃,雨热同期,玉米的单产水平较高,贡献了我国玉米总产量的35%以上,在国家粮食安全生产中具有举足轻重的地位。在当前生产条件下,由于受育种水平、管理措施及农业气象等方面的影响,春玉米密植栽培与倒伏的矛盾日益突出,已成为制约春玉米稳产和增产的重要因素。本文以4年田间试验为基础,对吉林省中部粮食主产区灌浆期风灾倒伏籽粒建成、减产损失以及不同基因型品种抗倒性差异机制进行了研究,同时结合作物化学调控技术,阐明了植物生长调节剂(PGRs)提高春玉米抗倒伏能力的生态与生物学机制。主要取得如下结论:1、灌浆期倒伏显著降低了籽粒灌浆速率,但随着时间推移,灌浆速率受影响程度减弱;倒伏后上层植株受影响较小,下层植株受影响较大,倒伏后及时进行捆扶处理可以降低倒伏对籽粒灌浆所产生的不利影响。倒伏限制了籽粒“库”的建成,收获期倒伏下层、倒伏上层、捆扶处理籽粒干重比对照分别降低20.13%、4.36%和7.56%。2、倒伏后造成籽粒脱水速率减慢,从而导致收获期籽粒水分含量偏高;倒伏影响籽粒营养物质积累量,降低了商品品质,其中粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量受影响较大,粗淀粉含量受影响较小,其含量相应分别下降了1.07~12.83%、5.15~9.33%与0.81~3.30%。3、倒伏降低了春玉米的产量。2012年田间17个倒伏定位样点最高减产29.68%,最低减产7.02%,平均减产14.75%,回归分析表明倒伏率每增加1%,产量损失平均增加34.17 kg/公顷。不同倒伏部位植株产量损失不同,倒伏上层与倒伏下层单株产量分别比对照(未倒伏)处理减产10.51%与29.88%;倒伏后玉米行粒数、穗长和穗粗降低,秃尖长增加,百粒重下降,是导致减产的主要原因。4、吉林省中部地区春玉米茎倒伏以灌浆后期发生为主。从倒伏发生位置来看,主要以第3茎节倒伏为主,约占56.44%,其次是第5茎节(16.83%)、第2茎节(12.87%)和第4茎节(11.88%),其它茎节部位发生倒伏的比率较小。5、玉米重心高度、基部茎折力、单位节间长度干重可作为生育期评价春玉I米抗倒性的通用指标。另外,茎节长度可作为玉米开花期抗倒性的一级指标,而穗位高、穿刺强度、茎节横切面积、硬皮厚度、木质素含量可作为二级评价指标。基部茎节含水量可作为玉米灌浆后期抗倒性的评价指标。另外,通过各指标对密度变化的敏感性来评价品种抗倒伏性能力可能更加科学,但关键是参照品种的选取。6、不同抗倒性品种籽粒的灌浆特性存在很大差异。先玉335、禾玉33等易倒伏品种,具有灌浆强度大,灌浆期短等特点,而迪卡516和农华101等抗倒性强的品种灌浆期持续时间较XY335等品种延长1-2 d。在光合产物的转移与分配方面,灌浆后期易倒伏品种茎器官向籽粒中转移的干物质比例大,同化物在茎器官中分配的比例低,这可能是造成玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力降低的重要机制。7、生育期可通过Safety factors模型对植株的抗倒伏能力进行评价,经田间验证,在玉米灌浆期Safety factors值与倒伏指数LI存在极显著相关性,灌浆期与倒伏指数LI关系为Y=3.9503e-0.26LI。另外,本研究还提出了抗茎倒伏品种的理想株型。8、高密度种植条件下,玉米的籽粒产量、生物量、收获指数以及倒伏指数均显著的受化控处理(T)、品种类型(H)以及环境因子(Y)的影响。提高收获指数,降低倒伏率是PGRs提高春玉米籽粒产量的重要途径。9、穗位高与重心高度降低、基部茎节变粗、节长缩短是PGRs提高春玉米抗茎倒能力的重要形态学机制;不同化控处理对第2与第3茎节影响最大,单位长度茎节干重、结构性碳水化合物木质素等含量增加,茎秆抗弯曲强度提高是PGRs提高春玉米抗茎倒能力的重要发育生物学机制。在倒伏发生较严重的年份,PGRs处理可以显著提高玉米的籽粒产量,而在倒伏发生不严重的年份,PGRs处理玉米不增产甚至略有下降。因此,根据气象预警信息,一般年份可在拔节期化控一次,在倒伏发生严重年份,可在拔节期和大喇叭口分别进行1次化控处理增强春玉米的抗倒伏能力,这对指导吉林省春玉米安全生产具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:The Northeast Plain is located in the world's three largest corn belt, the fertile soil, rain heat over the same period, corn yields higher levels of contribution of China's total corn yield more than 35%, has a pivotal position in the national food safety. Under the current production conditions, due to the breeding level, management measures and effect of agricultural meteorology other aspects of the contradiction of spring maize planting and cultivation and lodging has become increasingly prominent, has become an important factor restricting the stable and high yield of spring maize. This paper is based on 4 years of field experiments, the completion of major grain producing areas in central Jilin province wind disaster grain filling stage lodging, lodging resistance and yield loss of different genotype varieties difference mechanism the research, combined with crop chemical regulation technology, the plant growth regulator (PGRs) ecological and biological mechanism to improve lodging resistance of spring maize. Main results as follows: 1, grouting Lodging period significantly reduced grain filling rate, but with the passage of time, the filling rate is influenced by the weakening of lodging; upper plants are less affected, lower plants affected by the large lodging timely help bundle treatment can reduce the lodging caused adverse effects on grain filling. Lodging limit grain "pool" built the harvest period, the lower the upper bound of lodging, lodging, help processing grain dry weight than in the control group were reduced by 20.13%, 4.36% and 7.56%.2, resulting in grain dehydration rate slowed down after lodging, resulting in high moisture content grain harvest; effect of lodging grain nutrient accumulation, reduce the quality of the goods, in which the content of crude protein and crude fat in the affected the larger, crude starch content was less affected, the corresponding content decreased by 1.07~12.83%, 5.15~9.33% and 0.81~3.30%.3, reduced the lodging yield.2012 of spring maize field 17 years down The localization of the highest point v cut 29.68%, the lowest average cut 7.02%, cut 14.75%, regression analysis showed that the lodging rate increases 1%, the yield loss increased by an average of 34.17 hectares. Kg/ in different parts of the plant lodging yield loss, lodging and lodging yield were upper lower than the control (without lodging) processing production 10.51% and 29.88%; after lodging of corn grain number per row, ear length and ear diameter decreased, bald tip length, 100 grain weight decreased, is the main reason leading to cut.4, stem lodging of Spring Maize in the central region of Jilin province mainly occurred. Late filling positions from lodging, mainly in the third internode of lodging, accounting for about 56.44%, followed by the fifth internode (16.83%), second (12.87%) and the fourth internode stem (11.88%), other parts of the stem lodging ratio smaller.5, height of corn center, basal stem fracture, unit internode length dry weight can be used as evaluation of spring growth period jade I meters The general index of lodging resistance. In addition, internode length can be used as an index of Maize Flowering and lodging resistance, ear height, puncture strength, stem cross-sectional area, crust thickness, content of lignin can be used as two grade indexes. Basal stem water content can be used as filling stage corn lodging the evaluation index. In addition, the sensitivity of each index of density to evaluate the lodging resistance ability of varieties may be more scientific, but the key is the selection of reference cultivars.6, there is a big difference in filling characteristics of different lodging resistance varieties. Xianyu 335, wo 33 susceptible varieties of jade, with filling intensity and the characteristics of the short period of grain filling, and 516 and Nonghua 101 Deckard strong lodging resistance during grain filling duration is XY335 1-2 D. in terms of species to extend the transfer and distribution of photosynthate, filling stage lodging susceptible variety stem dry matter to grain medium transfer Mass proportion is large, assimilate distribution in stem organs in low proportion, which is probably caused by the important mechanism of.7 reduced corn lodging, growth period by Safety factors model of lodging resistance was evaluated by field validation, in the presence of significant correlation with lodging index LI Safety factors maize the relationship between value, filling period and lodging index LI for Y=3.9503e-0.26LI. in addition, this study also proposed the ideal plant type.8 anti stem lodging varieties, high planting density condition, maize grain yield, biomass, harvest index and lodging index were significantly affected by chemical treatments (T), type (H) and the environment factor (Y). The effects of increasing harvest index, reduce the lodging rate of PGRs is an important way to improve the grain yield of spring maize.9, ear height and height of gravity lower basal stems thicken, shorten the length of section is PGRs increase maize resistance The important morphological mechanisms of stem down the ability of different chemical treatments; the greatest impact on the second and third nodes per unit length, stem dry weight, increase structural carbohydrates such as lignin content, stem bending strength is an important development to improve biological PGRs improve the ability of anti spring maize stalk mechanism. The more serious year in lodging, PGRs treatment can significantly improve the grain yield of maize, and lodging were not serious in years, PGRs corn does not increase production even slightly. Therefore, according to the weather warning information, can control a year generally at the jointing stage, the lodging serious year, be at jointing and booting 1 times of control enhancement of spring maize lodging resistance respectively, it is of great significance to guide the safe production of Spring Maize in Jilin province.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S513

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