河西绿洲灌区制种玉米种子生产的水氮效应

发布时间：2018-01-06 21:25

本文关键词：河西绿洲灌区制种玉米种子生产的水氮效应　出处：《甘肃农业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：甘肃河西走廊是全国最大的玉米种子生产基地。然而在制种玉米种子生产中盲目收获,灌水和施氮不合理且严重过量等问题长期存在。针对以上问题,首先,以先玉335、郑单958、吉祥1号3个制种组合为研究对象,于2013年在武威进行田间试验,通过测定不同采收期下种子含水量、百粒重、标准发芽率、冷浸发芽率和浸出液电导率等,明确制种玉米收获期与种子活力的关系,高活力种子生产的最佳收获时间。在此基础上,以郑单958和先玉335为研究对象,设置3个灌水水平(3000、4500和6000 m3·hm-2)和3个施氮水平(0、225和450 kg·hm-2),于2014年在张掖进行田间试验,通过测定产量、农艺性状、生长发育、水氮利用效率、种子乳线发育、不同采收期种子浸出液电导率等,研究不同水氮组合对制种玉米产量、水氮资源利用以及对不同采收期种子活力变化的影响,研究结果可为河西走廊灌区制种玉米高产高效生产、高活力种子生产最佳收获时间的确定提供理论依据。取得的主要结论如下:1、种子成熟度与种子活力的关系研究结果表明:随采收期推进,种子水分含量逐渐降低,百粒重逐渐增加。3个(先玉335、郑单958、吉祥1号)杂交种种子的活力与成熟度密切相关,在授粉后57天种子活力指标及田间出苗率均达到最大值,标准发芽率分别可达97%、95%和92%;冷浸发芽率可达94%、84%和79%;浸出液电导率下降至稳定值,田间出苗率分别可达95%、95%和80%,此时3个杂交种种子的乳线均发育到籽粒1/2处,种子水分在38-40%之间。2、先玉335种子产量高于郑单958。先玉335种子产量最高出现在W4500N450处理下,达11147.2 kg·hm-2;而郑单958出现在W3000N225处理下,为7520.4kg·hm-2,产量的峰值均未出现在高水高肥处理,产生产量差异的原因主要是不同水氮处理显著影响了种子的穗粒数和百粒重。各水氮处理下,同一采样期施氮处理的植株干物质累积量均显著的高于不施氮处理;灌水开始亏缺后,先玉335在W3000灌水条件下,N225处理干物质累积速率显著高于N0和N450,而在W4500和W6000条件下,随施氮量增加生长速率增加;郑单958在W3000和W4500灌水条件下,N225处理干物质累积速率显著高于N0和N450,而在W6000灌水下,施氮处理的干物质累积速率均显著高于不施氮处理。3、生长前期水分供应一致时各处理耗水量无显著差异,后期亏缺灌水下,随灌水量的增大,制种玉米的阶段耗水量随之增大。两个制种组合均表现出在W4500灌水条件下两施氮处理0-100cm土壤剖面的硝态氮累积量显著高于W3000和W6000。在W3000灌水条件下,各氮素处理间水分利用效率无显著差异,W4500和W6000灌水下,N225和N450处理的水分利用效率显著的高于N0处理,但是N225和N450处理间无显著差异。对于郑单958,水分利用效率最高出现在处理W6000N450,而先玉335水分利用效率最高出现在W4500N225。同一灌水条件下,N225处理下氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率均显著高于N450处理。4、不同水氮处理下郑单958和先玉335种子乳线发育明显不同,先玉335种子形成时脱水早,从采收期初期其种子含水量较郑单958显著的低;随灌水量的增加,郑单958种子乳线发育有延迟的趋势,而灌水对先玉335种子乳线发育无影响。随采收期推进,种子浸出液电导率逐渐降低,种子活力逐渐提升,但测定值于不同时间趋于稳定,郑单958于授粉后59天开始电导率值趋于稳定,先玉335于授粉后53天开始电导率值趋于稳定。种子乳线发育的第1和第2阶段,种子浸出液电导率值差异显著,第3阶段后差异不显著,且稳定。因此,郑单958和先玉335种子乳线发育到1/2处,授粉后59天,籽粒含水量在38-40%时,种子活力最高。
[Abstract]:The Hexi Corridor of Gansu province is the country's largest production base of corn seed. However in corn seed production blindly in the harvest, irrigation and nitrogen is unreasonable and excessive serious long-term problems. To solve the above problems, firstly, taking Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, No. 3 seed 1 auspicious group as the research object, to a field experiment was carried out in 2013 in Wuwei, through the determination of different harvest time of seed moisture content, 100 grain weight, standard germination rate, germination rate and conductance of cold water, a clear relationship between corn harvest and seed vigor, the best harvest time of production of high vigor seeds. On this basis, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 as the research object, set up 3 levels of irrigation (30004500 m3 and 6000 hm-2) and 3 nitrogen levels (0225 and 450 kg hm-2) in 2014, the field test was carried out in Zhangye, through the determination of yield, agronomic traits, growth, water and nitrogen use The efficiency of milk line seed development, different harvest seed conductivity, the yield of different combinations of water and nitrogen on maize seed, water and nitrogen utilization of resources and the influence on the recovery of seed vigor of different period, the results can be used for the irrigation area of Hexi Corridor of corn high production and high efficiency, and provide a theoretical basis for determining the best harvest time of production of high activity seed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The results of seed maturity and seed vigor related research shows that: with the harvest in advance, seed moisture content decreased gradually, 100 grain weight increased.3 (Xianyu 335 and Zhengdan 958, auspicious No. 1) hybrid seed vigor and maturity are closely related and the maximum value at 57 days after pollination and seed vigor index and field emergence rate, standard germination rate could reach 97%, 95% and 92%; the germination rate can reach 94% 84% and 79%; the conductivity of soaking, leaching solution decreased to a stable value, The field emergence rate is respectively 95%, 95% and 80% of the 3 hybrid seeds were developed to 1/2 milk line grain, seed moisture between 38-40%.2, Xianyu 335 seed yield is higher than that of Zhengdan 958. Xianyu 335 highest seed yield appeared in the treatment of W4500N450, kg and hm-2 reached 11147.2 and Zhengdan; 958 in the W3000N225, 7520.4kg, hm-2, the output peak does not appear in the high water fertilizer treatment, the yield difference is the main reason of different water and nitrogen treatments significantly affected seed grain number and 100 grain weight. The water and nitrogen treatments under the same sampling period of nitrogen treatment. The dry matter accumulation were significantly higher than the treatment without nitrogen application; deficit irrigation starting, Xianyu 335 in W3000 irrigation conditions, N225 dry matter accumulation rate was significantly higher than that of N0 and N450 in W4500 and W6000 conditions, the growth rate increased with the increase of nitrogen; Zhengdan 958 in W3000 W4500 and irrigation conditions, N225 dry matter accumulation rate was significantly higher than that of N0 and N450, while in W6000 irrigation, fertilization rate of accumulation were significantly higher than that of the treatment without nitrogen.3 nitrogen dry processing, growth stage water supply agreement each water consumption had no significant difference, the late shortage of irrigation, with increasing irrigation the water, the water consumption of maize seed stage increased. Two seed combination showed in W4500 under irrigation two nitrogen nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the 0-100cm soil profile was significantly higher than that of W3000 and W6000. in W3000 irrigation, nitrogen and water use efficiency was no significant difference between W4500 and W6000 irrigation. Under N225 and N450 treatment, the water use efficiency of N0 treatment was significantly higher than that of N225 and N450, but no significantly difference. For Zhengdan 958, the highest water use efficiency in processing W6000N450, and Xianyu 335 water use The highest efficiency in W4500N225. under the same condition of irrigation, N225 under the treatment of nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were significantly higher than that of N450.4, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 seed milk line development of different water and nitrogen treatments were significantly different, Xianyu 335 seed forming dehydration from early. At the beginning of the harvest period of seed moisture content than Zhengdan 958 was low; with the increasing of irrigation amount, the delay trend of Zhengdan 958 seed milk line development, and irrigation of Xianyu 335 seed milk line development has no effect. With the harvest in advance, the electric conductivity of seeds decreased gradually, gradually enhance seed vigor, but determination of value in different time tends to be stable, Zhengdan 958 to 59 days after pollination to conductivity value tends to be stable, Xianyu 335 to 53 days after pollination to stable values. The conductivity of milk line first and second stages of seed development, seed leachate conductivity values were significantly different The difference between the third stages was not significant and stable. Therefore, Zhengdan 958 and Xian Yu 335 seed milk line developed to 1/2, and 59 days after pollination, the seed vigor was the highest when seed moisture content was 38-40%.

【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S513

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