控释氮肥和钾肥对棉花养分吸收、产量及土壤养分的影响

发布时间：2018-01-08 02:02

本文关键词：控释氮肥和钾肥对棉花养分吸收、产量及土壤养分的影响　出处：《山东农业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：大量试验研究表明控释肥能够提高作物产量和肥料利用率,但是有关控释肥养分释放与棉花养分吸收相同步的机理研究较少。本文以国欣棉3号为供试材料,在德州市农科院试验基地,利用两年定点大田试验研究不同种类控释氮肥对棉花产量和土壤肥力的影响;在河北省衡水市试验田,采用裂区试验设计,以控释氮肥和普通尿素为主区,0、60和120 kg hm-2三个硫肥水平为副区,探究了控释氮肥与硫互作对棉田土壤无机氮和有效硫含量、叶片生理特性和产量的影响;同时利用盆栽试验研究了包膜控释氯化钾肥对棉花养分吸收和产量的影响。通过控释肥在土壤和静水中的释放特点,土壤养分供应情况,棉花植株养分吸收规律,结合叶片生理特征,探究棉花专用控释肥养分释放和棉花养分吸收相同步的机理。研究结果表明:(1)控释氮肥显著地增加了棉花产量,皮棉产量较相同用量尿素处理增加6.10-9.78%,较无氮肥处理增加14.81-18.15%。控释氮肥显著增加了棉铃重量,但是对衣分无显著影响。树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素在土壤中的释放高峰期分别在盛花到盛铃期阶段和初花期至盛花期阶段,能够与棉花的养分吸收高峰(盛花到盛铃期)吻合,满足了棉花养分需求,显著的提高了棉花氮素吸收量,并最终提高了棉花的产量。控释氮肥氮素释放量与棉花氮素吸收量呈极显著正相关,树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素的相关系数分别达到0.9712和0.8997,且氮肥利用率分别提高了25.18%和52.69%。控释氮肥显著的增加了棉花植株生物量,较相同用量普通氮素处理增加了2.90-6.14%。控释氮肥处理土壤速效氮含量随控释氮肥的释放变化而变化,并且使盛花期以后土壤保持较高硝态氮和铵态氮含量。因此,控释氮肥氮素释放能够与棉花氮素吸收相一致,增加棉株氮素吸收量,提高了产量,达到同步营养的目的。(2)田间裂区试验研究表明,控释氮肥较普通尿素处理显著增加了初花期至始絮期土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮含量,增加了盛铃期有效硫含量;桃数和子棉产量分别显著增加7.03-8.91%和5.54-11.17%,氮肥表观利用率提高27.80-34.21%;并且显著提高了初花期以后叶绿素SPAD值和光合速率,增强了硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,减少了叶片丙二醛的含量,显著延缓了叶片的衰老。硫肥的施用显著的提高了棉花产量,改善了叶片生理活动,施60 kg hm-2硫肥较不施硫肥子棉产量增加5.08%,但与施120 kg hm-2硫肥处理产量无显著差异。同时,控释氮肥与硫对光合速率、氮代谢酶活性、抗氧化保护酶、丙二醛含量及产量均有显著的互作效应。但是衣分值、马克隆值和纤维强度不受氮和硫互作效应的影响。因此,在棉花上以60 kg hm-2硫肥配合控释氮肥施用,可显著改善叶片生理特性,提高棉花产量。(3)盆栽试验研究表明,一次性基施包膜控释氯化钾肥(CRK)较普通钾肥显著提高了初花期、盛花期、始絮期及收获期的土壤速效钾含量。CRK较一次基施氯化钾(KCl)和硫酸钾处理分别增产23.60%和15.60%,比基施40%+追施60%KCl处理增加16.0%,与追施硫酸钾处理差异不显著。CRK较KCl处理显著提高了衣分值,其余处理间单铃重及衣分差异不显著。CRK显著提高了纤维长度、伸长率和断裂比强度,但与其他处理相比,马克隆值和整齐度的影响不显著。速效钾肥追施较一次基施处理显著增加了生物量和吸钾量,但均低于控释钾肥处理。CRK处理的钾素利用率较一次基施KCl处理显著提高41.90-50.9%,较基施硫酸钾处理提高27.30-29.90%,较基施40%+追施60%KCl处理提高21.10-25.20%。因此,在棉花上一次基施包膜控释氯化钾肥对不同生育期的钾素供应优于一次性基施普通钾肥,也好于普通钾肥基施加追施,较速效钾肥显著提高了棉花的产量、品质和钾肥利用率。
[Abstract]:A lot of tests show that controlled-release fertilizer can improve crop yield and fertilizer use efficiency, but the mechanism of controlled release of phase synchronization of less fertilizer nutrient release and nutrient absorption of cotton. The cotton kouhsin No. 3 as tested material, in the city of Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences test base, test research field of different kinds of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer effect on cotton yield and soil fertility by two years; in the experimental field of Hengshui city in Hebei Province, using split plot design with controlled release fertilizer and urea as the main area, 0,60 and 120 kg hm-2 three levels of sulphur as Deputy District, study of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and Sulfur Interaction on soil inorganic nitrogen and available in cotton field effect of sulfur content, physiological characteristics and yield of leaves; the effect of pot experiment was conducted to study the controlled-release potassium chloride fertilizer on cotton nutrient absorption and yield. The release characteristics of controlled release fertilizer in soil and water, soil nutrient The supply of cotton, absorption of plant nutrients, combined with physiological characteristics, release mechanism of fertilizer nutrient release and nutrient absorption of cotton on cotton special controlled phase synchronization. The results show that: (1) controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the yield of cotton, lint yield with the same amount of urea treatment increased 6.10-9.78%, compared with no fertilizer treatment increased 14.81-18.15%. controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the boll weight, but had no significant effect on lint percentage. The release peak of resin coated urea and sulphur resin coated urea in soil were in full bloom to full boll stage and early flowering stage to flowering stage, with cotton nutrient absorption peak (flowering to full boll stage). And meet the nutrient demand of cotton, significantly increase the amount of cotton nitrogen absorption, and ultimately improve cotton yield. Controlled release and cotton nitrogen absorption was positively release nitrogen nitrogen Correlation, correlation coefficient of resin coated urea and sulphur resin coated urea were respectively 0.9712 and 0.8997, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were increased by 25.18% and 52.69%. of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the plant biomass of cotton, with the same amount of common nitrogen treatment increased 2.90-6.14%. release from controlled release nitrogen treatment along with the changes of soil available nitrogen release fertilizer the change, and to maintain a high after flowering of soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. Therefore, controlled release can be consistent with the cotton nitrogen absorption and nitrogen release fertilizer, increase the uptake of Cotton Nitrogen, increase the yield and nutrition to achieve synchronization. (2) using a split plot experiment showed that controlled release compared with common urea nitrogen fertilizer treatment significantly increased the early flowering stage to 30.12 soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content increased, the peak boll period of effective sulfur content; peach number and seed cotton yield were significantly increased The addition of 7.03-8.91% and 5.54-11.17%, apparent nitrogen utilization rate increased by 27.80-34.21%; and significantly improve the early flowering stage after the chlorophyll SPAD value and photosynthetic rate, enhanced nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, reduce the content of MDA in leaves, significantly delayed leaf senescence of sulfur fertilizer. The application of improved cotton production, improve the leaf physiological activities, the implementation of 60 kg hm-2 sulfur fertilizer than no sulphur fertilizer and seed cotton yield increased by 5.08%, but no significant difference with the yield of 120 kg hm-2 sulfur fertilizer. At the same time, controlled release of nitrogen and sulfur on photosynthetic rate, nitrogen metabolism, enzyme activity, antioxidant enzymes the content of MDA, and yield had significant interaction effects. But the lint percentage value, micronaire and fiber strength is not affected by the influence of nitrogen and sulfur interaction effect. Therefore, in cotton with 60 kg hm-2 sulfur fertilizer controlled release fertilizer The application, can significantly improve the physiological characteristics of leaves, increase the yield of cotton. (3) the pot experiment showed that the basal application of controlled-release potassium chloride fertilizer (CRK) than the common K fertilizer significantly increased the flowering period, flowering period,.CRK soil available potassium content 30.12 and harvest period is a base of potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium sulfate were increased by 23.60% and 15.60%, compared with 40%+ fertilizer topdressing 60%KCl treatment increased 16%, and topdressing potassium sulfate treatment had no significant difference compared with.CRK KCl significantly increased the clothing score, other treatments between Boll Weight and lint percentage had no significant difference.CRK significantly increased the fiber length, elongation and breaking the strength, but compared with other treatments, micronaire and uniformity of the effect is not significant. Available potassium fertilizer is a base fertilizer treatment significantly increased the biomass and potassium uptake, but lower than that of controlled release fertilizer.CRK potassium utilization rate is a Base fertilizer KCl treatment significantly increased 41.90-50.9%, compared with the base fertilizer of potassium sulfate treatment increased 27.30-29.90%, compared with 40%+ base fertilizer topdressing 60%KCl increased 21.10-25.20%. and so on cotton a base fertilizer coated potassium chloride fertilizer on different growth stages of K supply is better than the common basal application of potassium fertilizer, potash fertilizer is better than that of common base applied topdressing relatively, available K fertilizer significantly increased the cotton yield, quality and potassium utilization rate.

【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S562

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