耕作方式对玉米小麦复种系统生产力和温室气体排放的影响

发布时间：2018-01-16 07:29

本文关键词：耕作方式对玉米小麦复种系统生产力和温室气体排放的影响　出处：《中国农业科学院》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：玉米-小麦农作系统是世界上最重要的粮食生产系统之一。当前,玉米和小麦的产量仍需要进一步的增加以满足人口日益增长的需求。而为了进一步提高作物产量,过量施用氮肥,导致氮肥利用率低和严重的环境问题。农田也是重要的温室气体排放源,栽培和耕作等农艺措施显著影响N2O和CH4等温室气体的排放。中国是世界上最大的小麦、玉米生产国,分别占世界小麦、玉米产量的17.9%和23.8%,同时中国也是最大的农田碳排放国家之一。华北平原是中国的粮食主产区,其玉米-小麦一年两熟制是主要的农作模式。为了进一步的提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率,很多学者就耕作、栽培等农艺技术方面开展了创新性的研究,并且就农田温室气体排放方面也开展了相关研究,但是关于耕作方式对作物周年产量、氮素利用效率和温室气体排放的综合影响还不清楚,因此本研究以高产中筋小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,在山东省泰安市东平县农科所试验基地进行定位试验。2012~2013小麦生长季设置4种耕作方式:免耕(N)、深松+免耕(SN)、旋耕(R)、深松+旋耕(SR),2013年玉米季在小麦季处理基础上裂区设置免耕(N)和深松+旋耕(SR)处理,共8个处理:玉米季免耕,小麦季免耕(N-N);玉米季免耕,小麦季旋耕(N-R);玉米季免耕,小麦季深松后免耕(N-SN);玉米季免耕,小麦季深松后旋耕(N-SR);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麦季免耕(SR-N);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麦季旋耕(SR-R);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麦季深松后免耕(SR-SN);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麦季深松后旋耕(SR-SR)。2013~2014年小麦和2014年玉米生长季的试验处理与上一年度一致,研究不同耕作方式对玉米-小麦周年土壤耕层特性、作物产量、氮素利用效率和温室气体排放的影响,以期为华北平原提高农田生产力和固碳减排提供理论依据和技术支撑。主要结果如下:1.耕作方式对作物产量的影响在玉米-小麦一年两熟模式中,N-SR和SR-SR处理能够显著提高作物周年产量;两年度作物周年平均产量为N-SRSR-SRN-SNSR-SNSR-RN-RN-NSR-N;两年度玉米平均产量免耕处理比深松+旋耕处理高1.55%。2.耕作方式对氮素吸收利用的影响在玉米-小麦一年两熟模式中,N-SR处理能够显著提高周年作物氮素吸收量、氮素收获指数和氮肥偏生产力;两年度小麦平均氮素吸收量为N-SRSR-RSR-SRN-NSR-SNN-RSR-NN-SN,氮素收获指数为N-SRSR-SNSR-SRN-SNSR-RN-RSR-NN-N,年平均氮肥偏生产力为N-SRSR-SRSR-SNN-RSR-RN-NN-SNSR-N;在玉米生长季,与深松+旋耕处理相比较,玉米季免耕出现均获得较高的氮素吸收量、氮素收获指数和氮肥偏生产力。3.耕作方式对土壤物理特性的影响在玉米-小麦一年两熟模式中,N-N处理显著提高了0-10,10-20和20-30cm土层的土壤容重;与深松+旋耕处理相比较,免耕处理显著提高了小麦和玉米成熟期0-10,10-20和20-30cm土层的土壤容重;N-N处理显著提高了玉米-小麦周年的土壤含水量,SR-N次之,其他处理之间无显著差异。4.耕作方式对土壤化学特性的影响不同土层之间,各处理玉米和小麦季成熟期土壤总氮含量0-10 cm土层高于10-20 cm土层;不同处理之间比较,N-N处理的玉米和小麦季成熟期0-10 cm土层土壤总氮含量最高,而N-SR处理的10-20 cm土层土壤总氮含量最高;从玉米季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤总氮含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理高于玉米季免耕处理,但是从小麦季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤总氮含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理低于玉米季免耕处理;不同土层之间,各处理小麦季成熟期土壤NH4+-N含量0-10 cm土层高于10-20 cm土层,而土壤NO3--N含量10-20 cm土层高于0-10 cm土层;从周年成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤NH4+-N含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理的10-20 cm土层土壤NH4+-N含量高于玉米季免耕处理,0-10 cm土层土壤NH4+-N含量低于玉米季免耕处理;从小麦季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤NO3--N含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理高于玉米季免耕处理;不同土层之间,各处理玉米和小麦季成熟期土壤p H 10-20 cm土层比0-10 cm土层高17.50%;从玉米季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤p H平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理低于玉米季免耕处理;从小麦季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤p H平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理的0-10 cm土层土壤p H低于玉米季免耕处理,而10-20 cm土层土壤p H高于玉米季免耕处理;不同处理之间比较,N-N处理的玉米和小麦季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤p H最高。5.耕作方式对土壤生物特性的影响不同土层之间,各处理小麦季成熟期土壤微生物量碳0-10 cm土层高于10-20 cm土层;不同处理之间比较,N-N处理的小麦季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量最高,N-N和N-R处理的小麦季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量高于其他处理;不同土层之间,各处理小麦季成熟期土壤有机碳0-10 cm土层高于10-20 cm土层;不同处理之间比较,N-N处理的小麦季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量最高;从玉米季和小麦季成熟期0-20 cm土层土壤有机碳平均值分析,玉米季免耕处理高于玉米季深松+旋耕处理;从小麦季开花期0-20 cm土层土壤硝化潜力平均值分析,玉米季免耕处理比玉米季深松+旋耕处理高18.78%;不同处理之间比较,N-N处理的小麦季开花期0-20 cm土层土壤硝化潜力最高,N-SR处理最低;从小麦季开花期0-20 cm土层土壤反硝化潜力平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理比玉米季免耕处理高4.67%;不同处理之间比较,N-R处理的小麦季开花期0-20 cm土层土壤反硝化潜力最高,SR-SR处理最低;6.耕作方式对温室气体排放的影响在玉米-小麦一年两熟模式中,耕作方式对第一周年N2O排放有显著影响,对第二周年N2O排放无显著差异(P0.05);从两年N2O排放平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理显著高于玉米季免耕处理;不同处理之间比较,SR-SR处理N2O排放量最高,N-N处理N2O排放量最低;耕作方式对小麦季、玉米季和周年的CH4排放无显著差异(P0.05);从两年CH4排放平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕处理高于玉米季免耕处理;玉米季深松+旋耕处理的单位面积和单位产量的GWP高于玉米季免耕处理;不同处理之间比较,SR-SR处理的单位面积和单位产量的GWP最高,N-N处理单位面积和单位产量的GWP最低。
[Abstract]:Corn wheat farming system is one of the most important grain production system in the world. At present, corn and wheat yield still need further increase to meet the demands of a growing population. In order to further improve the yield of crops, excessive N fertilizer, resulting in serious environmental problems and the low rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization farmland is also an important greenhouse gas. The emission source, cultivation and cultivation agronomic measures significantly affected N2O and CH4 emissions of greenhouse gases. Chinese is the world's largest producer of wheat, corn, wheat and corn respectively in the world, the yield of 17.9% and 23.8%, and one of the farmland is the biggest carbon emitter China. North China Plain is China grain producing areas. The corn wheat two crops a year is the main mode of farming. In order to further improve the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crop, a lot of scholars on farming, cultivation of agricultural technology. Carrying out creative research, and in terms of greenhouse gas emission are also carried out related research on crop yield, but the annual comprehensive effect of tillage, nitrogen utilization efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions is not clear, so the study on high yield in wheat varieties Jimai 22 as the test material, test.2012~2013 located at Dongping County of Shandong province wheat Tai'an test base growth season 4 tillage methods (N): no tillage, subsoiling and no tillage (SN), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (SR), 2013 corn season in the wheat season based on split set processing (N) and deep tillage pine and rotary tillage (SR), a total of 8 treatments: no tillage maize season, winter wheat no tillage (N-N); maize no tillage, rotary tillage (N-R); winter wheat maize no tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (N-SN); maize no tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (N-SR); maize subsoiling after rotary tillage, small Wheat no tillage (SR-N); maize season after subsoiling tillage, rotary tillage (SR-R); winter wheat maize season after subsoiling tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (SR-SN); maize season after subsoiling tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (SR-SR).2013~2014 growing season of wheat and corn in 2014 last year consistent processing and testing and the study of different tillage methods on maize wheat annual crop yield, soil characteristics, effects of nitrogen use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support in order to improve the productivity of farmland in North China Plain and carbon sequestration. The main results are as follows: 1. the effects of tillage on crop yield in maize wheat a year two familiar pattern, N-SR and SR-SR treatments could significantly increase crop yield average yield of two year anniversary; anniversary crop is N-SRSR-SRN-SNSR-SNSR-RN-RN-NSR-N; two year average yield of maize no tillage than subsoiling and rotary High 1.55%.2. tillage tillage on nitrogen absorption and utilization effect on corn wheat two crops a year model, N-SR treatment can significantly improve the absorption amount of annual crop nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity; two annual average wheat nitrogen uptake for N-SRSR-RSR-SRN-NSR-SNN-RSR-NN-SN, nitrogen harvest index was N-SRSR-SNSR-SRN-SNSR-RN-RSR-NN-N, the average annual nitrogen partial factor productivity N-SRSR-SRSR-SNN-RSR-RN-NN-SNSR-N; growth season in maize, compared with subsoiling and rotary tillage, no tillage maize season were higher nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity.3. effects of Tillage Methods on soil physical properties in corn wheat two crops a year model, N-N treatment significantly improved the soil bulk density 0-10,10-20 and the 20-30cm layer; compared with subsoiling and rotary tillage, no tillage treatments significantly increased wheat and The soil bulk density of maize mature stage of 0-10,10-20 and 20-30cm layer; N-N significantly increased the maize wheat annual soil moisture, SR-N, between the other no significant difference between.4. tillage on soil chemical properties of different soil layers, the total nitrogen content of the maize and wheat season maturity soil cm soil was higher than that of 0-10 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, maize and wheat season N-N processing maturity 0-10 cm soil total nitrogen content is the highest, while the N-SR processing of 10-20 cm soil total nitrogen content is the highest; from the analysis of maize mature 0-20 cm soil total nitrogen content in maize season average, subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of corn season of no tillage treatment, but the average value from wheat maturity analysis 0-20 cm soil total nitrogen content, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was lower than that of maize no tillage treatment between different soil layers, respectively; Wheat mature content of soil NH4+-N 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer, and soil NO3--N content in 10-20 cm soil layer was higher than that of 0-10 cm soil layer; analysis from the anniversary of maturity 0-20 cm soil average content of NH4+-N, the maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage 10-20 cm soil NH4+-N was higher than that of maize no tillage, soil 0-10 cm the soil NH4+-N content was lower than that of maize no tillage; wheat maturity average analysis from 0-20 cm soil NO3--N content, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; different soil layers, the maize and wheat season maturity soil P than 0-10 cm H 10-20 cm soil layer 17.50%; from the analysis of the maize season mature 0-20 cm soil P H average maize season deeploosing + P treatment is lower than that of maize no tillage treatment; mean value analysis from wheat mature 0-20 cm soil P H, The maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage 0-10 cm soil P H was lower than that of maize no tillage treatment, while the 10-20 cm soil P H was higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, between maize and wheat season N-N processing maturity 0-20 cm soil P H.5. the maximum effect of Tillage Methods on soil biological characteristics the different soil layer, the wheat mature period of soil microbial biomass carbon in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, the treatment of N-N 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in wheat season soil microbial biomass carbon content is the highest, N-N and N-R treated 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in wheat season soil microbial biomass nitrogen content is higher than the other treatment; different soil layers, the wheat maturity of soil organic carbon in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, N-N treatment of CM and 0-10 in wheat season cm soil layer is 10-20 The highest content of organic carbon; analysis of the average value of the maize and wheat season maturity 0-20 cm soil organic carbon, maize no tillage treatment was higher than that of maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment; wheat flowering from mean value analysis 0-20 cm soil nitrification potential, maize no tillage subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment than that in rice season high 18.78%; comparison among the different treatments, N-N treatment of wheat season flowering 0-20 cm soil nitrification potential is highest, the lowest in N-SR treatment during childhood; analyze the average flowering period 0-20 cm soil denitrification potential, maize deeploosing + rotary tillage than no tillage maize season high 4.67%; comparison between different treatments, the N-R treatment of wheat flowering season 0-20 cm soil denitrification potential is highest, the lowest in the treatment of SR-SR; 6. tillage on greenhouse gas emissions in corn wheat two crops a year in tillage on the first anniversary of N2 O emissions have a significant effect, no significant difference on the second anniversary of the emission of N2O (P0.05); N2O emissions from two mean value analysis, maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage was significantly higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, SR-SR treatment the highest N2O emissions, N-N emissions of N2O minimum tillage on wheat season; there was no significant difference between the maize season and annual emissions of CH4 (P0.05); CH4 emissions from two years average analysis, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of maize no tillage; yield maize season deeploosing + P treatment unit area and unit GWP is higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, SR-SR treatment unit area the highest and the yield per unit of GWP, N-N per unit area and per unit yield of GWP was the lowest.

【学位授予单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S513;S512.1

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