不同施肥管理对东北玉米连作地农业面源污染影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 09:52

本文选题：面源污染　切入点：氮磷负荷　出处：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：探索保证作物产量、提高肥料利用率和减少面源污染相协调的农业可持续发展道路,是保障国家粮食安全和生态环境安全的迫切要求。优化施肥管理不仅可以保证产量、增加收益,同时可以实现肥料增效和保护环境的目的。不同施肥管理对作物产量及生态环境有重要的影响,为了了解不同施肥管理对作物的施肥效果及面源环境污染的作用机制,进一步明确不同施肥管理对氨挥发、氮、磷径流和淋溶流失、土壤-作物系统氮素平衡等面源污染的影响,在东北黑土玉米连作体系下,通过1年(2014)室外氨挥发模拟试验及室内培养试验、2年(2013-2014)的室外自然降雨条件下土槽模拟试验、6年(2004-2009)田间定位试验研究了6种不同施肥模式即不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(F)、测土配方施肥(S)、秸秆还田施肥(R)、有机肥化肥混施(M)及新型肥料控释肥料(C)对玉米产量、肥料利用率和面源污染的影响规律;并利用生命周期模型评价不同施肥模式对环境污染的总体影响,以期寻找并建立以稳产、增效、环境友好为目的的优化施肥模式,为解决东北地区黑土地玉米生产上的面源污染风险问题提供理论依据。结果如下:1.2014年室外监测模拟不同施肥管理对氨挥发影响的研究结果表明:在相同气候及土壤条件下,施肥量相同时,农民习惯处理氨挥发累积量最高,达到26.1 kg N/hm~2。秸秆还田处理和控释肥处理的氨挥发累积量基本持平,分别为24.24 kg N/hm~2和23.88 kg N/hm~2,与农民习惯相比分别降低了7.1%和8.5%。有机肥处理氨挥发总量为21.7 kg N/hm~2,比农民习惯降低了16.9%,CK处理不含有氮肥,挥发量最少为8.48 kg N/hm~2。通过室内培养试验证明了土壤湿度及环境温度对氨挥发影响显著;当环境温度较低土壤湿度不高时,缓控释肥施肥管理可显著降低氨挥发量。与农民习惯相比,秸秆还田施肥、控释肥及有机肥处理都可保证作物产量并减少进入环境中氨挥发量。2.丰水年(2013)室外监测模拟不同施肥管理对氮、磷流失影响研究结果表明:施肥处理较不施肥处理可以降低6%-10%的径流产沙量;泥沙中携带的氮流失总量是径流水体中流失总量的7倍,泥沙携带磷流失总量是径流水体的16倍。不同施肥管理在整个生育期泥沙、径流水及淋溶水向水体迁移的氮总负荷量顺序为农民习惯有机肥化肥混施秸秆还田施肥测土配方施肥,他们的氮总流失负荷分别为:18.27 kg/hm~2,15.79 kg/hm~2,15.13 kg/hm~2和14.24 kg/hm~2;肥料流失率分别为2.64%,1.61%,1.60%和1.16%。不同施肥管理的磷流失总负荷量顺序为有机肥化肥混施不施肥农民习惯测土配方施肥秸秆还田施肥,他们的磷总流失负荷分别为:3.61 kg/hm~2,3.21 kg/hm~2,3.17 kg/hm~2,2.94 kg/hm~2和2.70 kg/hm~2;水土流失是造成磷流失的最主要原因。各施肥管理的径流、淋溶水样中氮、磷浓度均超过地表水Ⅳ级标准。溶解态氮(DN)都是氮素地表径流、淋溶损失的主要形态;磷主要以颗粒物形式存在。在丰水年测土配方施肥管理可保证产量的同时,降低氮磷流失,提高肥料利用率。3.干旱年(2014)室外监测模拟不同施肥模式对氮、磷流失影响的研究结果表明:在干旱年在整个生育期因降雨量少故无水土流失现象,不同施肥管理通过径流及淋溶水向水体迁移的氮总负荷量顺序为农民习惯秸秆还田施肥有机肥化肥混施缓控释肥,他们的氮总流失负荷分别为:3.46 kg/hm~2,3.29 kg/hm~2,2.85 kg/hm~2和2.21 kg/hm~2;肥料流失率分别为0.97%,0.90%,0.71%和0.45%。不同施肥管理的总磷流失负荷的顺序为秸秆还田施肥有机肥化肥混施农民习惯缓控释肥不施肥,他们的磷总流失负荷分别为:51.45 g/hm~2,33.87 g/hm~2,33.57 g/hm~2,25.83g/hm~2和9.47 g/hm~2;与丰水年份相比,各施肥管理的氮磷流失负荷均明显减少,主要原因是没有出现水土流失现象。各施肥管理径流淋溶氮磷浓度均超标,氮素形态主要以溶解态氮流失为主约占总氮的80-90%,其中尤以有机氮和硝态氮为主要成分;磷素形态主要以颗粒态磷流失为主,在可溶性磷中无机磷为主要成分,约占总磷的10-30%。在干旱年缓控施肥管理可保证产量的同时,降低氮、磷流失,显著提高肥料利用率。4.东北黑土区玉米连作体系中连续6年田间试验中,不同施肥管理对作物产量、氮吸收量、土壤中硝态氮累积及土壤作物系统氮平衡的研究结果表明与农民习惯相比,测土减氮施肥管理氮肥利用率提高37.9%,平均年降低土壤中硝态氮累积量16.2 kg/hm~2,6年共减少土壤无机氮残留19.6%,降低氮损失47.4%,减少氮盈余43.4%;减氮并施用缓控释肥模式氮肥利用率提高了50%以上,年均降低土壤中硝态氮累积27.2 kg/hm~2,6年共减少土壤无机氮残留32.8%,降低氮损失75.3%,减少氮盈余69.3%.减氮施肥管理和缓控释肥管理均对作物产量没有明显影响。5.氮损失估算模型和生命周期分析法对在东北黑土区玉米连作体系中连续6年田间试验中不同施肥管理评价结果表明在氮损失估算模型中,优化施肥管理与农民习惯施肥管理相比可降低降低氨挥发、氧化亚氮释放、氮淋溶和氮径流17.6%,33.7%,44.4%和37.7%。优化减氮施肥管理在连续6年中总氮损失降低了220.4kg/hm~2。每生产1吨玉米,优化施肥管理与农民习惯施肥管理相比分别降低能源消耗、温室效应、富营养化及酸化潜力26.2%,22.8%,32.6%和30.2%。因此优化施肥管理即可保证产量,同时可以降低对环境的影响,是一种绿色环保型施肥管理模式。
[Abstract]:Exploration to ensure crop production, improve fertilizer utilization rate and reduce non-point source pollution is the road of harmonious sustainable development of agriculture, is an urgent requirement to ensure food security and ecological environment security of the country. The optimum fertilization management can not only guarantee the output, increase revenue, and can realize the fertilizer efficiency and protect the environment. Different fertilizer management has an important influence on crop yield and ecological environment, in order to understand the mechanism of effect of different fertilization on crop fertilization effect and non-point source pollution, to further clarify the different fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus, ammonia volatilization, runoff and leaching loss, effects of nitrogen balance in soil crop system of non-point source pollution in Northeast black soil, maize cropping system. Through the 1 years (2014) ammonia volatilization outdoor simulation experiment and indoor incubation experiment, 2 years (2013-2014) to test soil groove die outdoors under natural rainfall conditions (2004-20, 6 years 09) field experiment was conducted to study the 6 different fertilization modes: no fertilization (CK), fertilization (F), fertilization (S), straw fertilizer (R), organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed (M) and a new type of fertilizer controlled release fertilizer (C) on maize yield, influence the utilization rate of fertilizer and non-point source pollution; and the use of life cycle model to evaluate the effects of different fertilization patterns on the overall environmental pollution, in order to find and establish a stable and friendly environment for efficiency, optimized fertilization model, provide a theoretical basis for solving the Northeast Black Soil on maize production. The non-point source pollution risk 1.2014 years of research are as follows: the outdoor monitoring simulation of influence of different fertilization on ammonia volatilization. The results showed that under the same climatic and soil conditions, fertilization amount at the same time, farmers used to dealing with the accumulated amount of ammonia volatilization was highest, reached 26.1 kg N/hm~2. straw treatment and controlled release Ammonia volatilization fertilizer accumulation was essentially flat, were 24.24 kg N/hm~2 and 23.88 kg N/hm~2, compared with the habits of farmers were decreased by 7.1% and 8.5%. manure ammonia volatilization was 21.7 kg N/hm~2, 16.9% lower than that of farmers' habits, CK does not contain nitrogen volatilization of at least 8.48 kg N/hm~2. test the effect of soil moisture and temperature on ammonia volatilization significantly by indoor cultivation; when the environment temperature is low soil moisture is not high, slow release fertilizer fertilization can significantly reduce ammonia volatilization. Compared with the farmers' habits, straw fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer and organic fertilizer can ensure crop yield and reduce ammonia volatilization into the environment the amount of.2. in wet year (2013) outdoor monitoring simulation of different fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus loss affect the results of the study showed that fertilization treatment with no fertilizer treatment can reduce runoff and sediment 6%-10%; sediment The total nitrogen loss carry is 7 times the total loss of runoff in water, sediment and phosphorus loss is 16 times the total runoff water. Different fertilizer management in the whole growth period of total nitrogen load of sediment, runoff and leaching of water in order to water transfer for farmers used organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed straw fertilization soil testing Fertilization, total nitrogen loss load they were: 18.27 kg/hm~2,15.79 kg/hm~2,15.13 kg/hm~2 and 14.24 kg/hm~2; 1.61% fertilizer loss rates were 2.64%, 1.60%, and 1.16%. of different fertilization management of phosphorus loss total load order of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed fertilizer farmers used fertilization straw fertilizer, the total phosphorus loss load them were: 3.61 kg/hm~2,3.21 kg/hm~2,3.17 kg/hm~2,2.94 kg/hm~2 and 2.70 kg/hm~2; soil erosion is the main reason causing the loss of phosphorus runoff. The fertilization and leaching Water nitrogen, phosphorus concentration exceeded the standard of the grade of surface water. Dissolved nitrogen (DN) is the main form of nitrogen runoff and leaching loss; phosphorus mainly existed in the form of particles. Fertilization management in wet years can ensure production at the same time, reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, improve fertilizer utilization the rate of.3. dry year (2014) outdoor monitoring simulation of different fertilization modes on nitrogen and phosphorus loss influence research results show that: in the drought years in the whole growth period due to low rainfall so no soil erosion phenomenon, total nitrogen load sequence of different fertilization management through runoff and leaching of water transfer to water for farmers used straw organic fertilizer fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed slow-release fertilizer, the total nitrogen loss load they were: 3.46 kg/hm~2,3.29 kg/hm~2,2.85 kg/hm~2 and 2.21 kg/hm~2; 0.90% fertilizer loss rates were 0.97%, 0.71%, and 0.45%. of total phosphorus fertilization management loss The load order of straw fertilizing organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed farmers used slow-release fertilizer and no fertilizer, the total phosphorus loss load they were: 51.45 g/hm~2,33.87 g/hm~2,33.57 g/hm~2,25.83g/hm~2 and 9.47 g/hm~2; compared with the wet year, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus load of each fertilizer management were significantly reduced, the main reason is not the loss of water and soil the management of fertilizer runoff leaching concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus were the main nitrogen form to exceed the standard, the dissolved nitrogen loss mainly accounted for 80-90% of total nitrogen, especially in organic nitrogen and nitrate as the main ingredient; phosphorus mainly in particulate phosphorus loss mainly in soluble phosphorus inorganic phosphorus as the main component, accounting for about TP 10-30%. controlled fertilizer management can ensure the production at the same time, in the drought year to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus loss, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.4. in black soil region of northeast corn continuous cropping system in continuous 6 years in field test In the experiment, different fertilization on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen balance in the soil crop system research results show that compared with the farmers used to reduce nitrogen fertilization management, soil testing and fertilizer utilization rate increased 37.9%, the average annual decrease in soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 16.2 years to reduce soil inorganic kg/hm~2,6 n 19.6%, reduce nitrogen loss by 47.4%, reduce the nitrogen surplus 43.4%; nitrogen reduction and application of slow-release fertilizer model of nitrogen utilization rate increased by more than 50%, an annual reduction in soil nitrate accumulation in 27.2 kg/hm~2,6 total reduction of soil inorganic nitrogen residue 32.8%, reduce nitrogen loss by 75.3%, reduce the nitrogen surplus less nitrogen fertilizer management and 69.3%. controlled release fertilizer management on crop yield did not significantly affect the analysis model and method of life cycle of corn in the black soil region of Northeast China in 6 consecutive years of continuous cropping system in field experiment of different fertilization management on nitrogen loss estimation.5. The results show that the price of nitrogen loss estimation model, optimized fertilization management and fertilization management compared to reduce ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching and nitrogen release of Nitrous Oxide, 33.7%, 44.4% and 17.6% of the runoff, reducing nitrogen fertilizer management in 37.7%. optimization for 6 consecutive years in the total nitrogen loss was reduced by 220.4kg/hm~2. every production of 1 tons of corn, optimized fertilization management and fertilization management compared to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse effect, eutrophication and acidification potential of 26.2%, 22.8%, 32.6% and 30.2%. so the optimal fertilization management can ensure production, at the same time can reduce the impact on the environment, is a kind of environmental protection type fertilizer management mode.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X71

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