国家级自然保护区与其他主要保护地类型的空间关系与分布格局

发布时间：2018-05-03 12:10

本文选题：自然保护区 + 风景名胜区　；参考：《东北林业大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：自然保护区有广义和狭义之分,目前得到广泛承认的广义自然保护区(protected area)又译作保护地,系指“致力于生物多样性,自然及其相关文化资源的保护和维持,并通过立法或其他有效手段进行管理的陆地和海域”(IUCN,1994),依照上述定义,除自然保护区外,我国的主要自然保护形式还包括风景名胜区,地质公园,森林公园,湿地公园等。经过近60年的发展,我国的自然保护区体系已经形成了可观的规模并取得了可喜的成绩,但同时我们也遗憾的发现,这种各类自然保护形式独立发展,各自为政的发展模式已经难以为继,急需改变：首先是重复建设和重复投入情况严重,各主管部门自行其事缺乏统一的宏观规划与协调,致使各保护类别界限模糊范围交叉,造成我国自然保护区重复建设和管理臃余状况严重,浪费了本就不充足的自然保护资金和有限的人力物力。其次是造成了我国的自然保护区发展不均衡状况。这种不均衡性主要表现在,其一是林业系统所占比例过大；其二是保护区的覆盖率在全国的分布相当不均匀,高密度人口地区保护区覆盖率过低；其三是国家级保护区所占面积比例偏高。客观上造成了我国的自然保护区尚存在严重的保护空缺,许多物种和重要的生物地理单元都面临严重威胁。调查表明,虽然我国的国字号保护地已经达到了1900个,但仍然有许多关键生态系统和重要物种没有得到很好的保护覆盖。宏观布局混乱、宏观协调机制缺失、宏观管理不利是造成我国自然保护事倍功半、低效率重复的主要根源之一,在宏观管理失控的情况下,仅靠努力去提高单体自然保护形式的管理水平,都只是治标不治本的保护行为,无法从根本上改变我国自然保护事业孱弱的格局。因此,当务之急是厘清我国自然保护宏观布局和宏观调控的问题。基于上述认识,本文选取了我国最主要的五种自然保护形式,运用GIS空间分析方法,结合我国人口密度和城市发展指数等社会经济指标数据,分析它们与自然保护区之问的空间分布特点及相互关系,得出如下主要结论：(1)我国各省间保护区和风景名胜区的数量差异很大,而且二者在地理分布上也存在显著差异,风景名胜区主要集中在南方长江流域、黄河中段等地区,而在较偏远的东北和西部地区或者人稀区域保护区的数量相对较多。从总体上来看,风景名胜区较自然保护区相对集中。风景名胜区集中度与人口集中度呈成正相关；在不考虑省份的影响下,中东部地区风景名胜区分布相对集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保护区相对集中。国家级风景名胜区基本在城市周围分布,分布趋势也较相似,呈现出一定的规律性；而国家级自然保护区与城市的偏离度很大,与城市的关联性很小。空间分布密度图表明无论是国家自然保护区还是国家级风景名胜区都呈现出集中分布的情况,自然保护区和风景名胜区密集程度都高于全国平均密度的区域为京津唐地区、川陕地区、云贵高原、长江中下游地区。(2)中国各省间保护区和国家地质公园的数量存在巨大差异,国家地质公园主要集中在南方长江流域等地区,而保护区多分布在较偏远的东北和西部地区或者人稀区域。从总体上来看,国家地质公园较自然保护区相对集中,且大部分集中在南方地区。地质公园集中度与人口集中度呈成正相关;在不考虑省份的影响下,中东部地区地质公园分布相对集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保护区相对集中。在新疆、西藏、青海等西北地区自然保护区的数量不高,但单体保护区的面积均较大,因此在面积分布上,该地区所占比重较大；与之相反,虽然中东部地区自然保护区数量较多,但每个自然保护区的面积都比较小；而地质公园的面积在全国范围内均比较均衡。(3)湿地保护区和湿地公园分布情况与中国湿地、水系分布相对一致,呈现出“东密西疏”的分布格局。密度图表明无论是湿保护区还是湿地公园都呈现出集中分布的情况,其中湿地保护区主要集中在三大区域：东北松花江流域、长江中下游地区和东南沿海地区；湿地公园分布较分散,主要分布在北京、山东、长江入海口、湖北和湖南交界处、四川东部、山西、陕西、广东南部等地区。西北部,如新疆、西藏、青海等省份拥有大面积的湿地,湿地保护区和湿地公园的数量却非常少,部分区域仍存在保护空白区。从全国范围来看,虽然湿地保护区数量多于湿地公园,但湿地保护区分布极不均匀,严重偏向东南部地区。(4)森林公园在保护地系统中占的比例最大,森林公园主要分布于东北和内蒙古山地平原区、华北平原和黄土高原区、华东丘陵平原等区；森林公园与城市离散度较小,距离较近,其发展程度与城市有一定的关系。我国中南、华东等地各自然保护形式的地理分布较密集,覆盖率较高,而在西北、西南和华北等地的局部地区,尚有不少的覆盖空缺。海南、长江流域、福建、浙江和海南分布的自然保护区面积虽然不大,没有完全覆盖重点区域,但是将其他四种形式保护地叠加后,这几个地区分布的重点区域几乎被完全覆盖,生物多样性被很好的保护。云南、四川、甘肃、广西地区的重点区域都有少部分面积被不同形式的保护地保护,保护地分布较分散,面积小。新疆、东北、内蒙古的重点区域的少部分面积被保护区、森林公园、地质公园和湿地公园保护,各保护形式较分散,但面积大。其中湿地公园保护面积较大,保护生物多样性力度较大。青海的重点区域有一半的面积被自然保护区覆盖。西藏的重点区域几乎无保护地覆盖。
[Abstract]:The nature reserve has a broad and narrow sense, and the widely recognized generalized nature reserve (protected area) is also translated as a protected area. It refers to "land and sea areas and sea areas that are committed to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, nature and related cultural resources and through legislation or other effective means" (IUCN, 1994), according to the above. In addition to natural reserves, the main forms of natural protection in our country include scenic spots, geoparks, Forest Park, and wetland parks. After nearly 60 years of development, our natural reserve system has formed a considerable scale and made gratifying achievements. At the same time, we also regret to find this kind of natural protection. In the form of independent development, the development model of each individual's own affairs has been unsustainable and urgent need to be changed. First, the situation of repeated construction and repeated investment is serious, and the departments in charge lack unified macro planning and coordination for their own affairs, resulting in the intersecting of the fuzzy scope of various protection categories, resulting in the duplication of construction and management of China's natural reserves. It is a serious waste of inadequate natural protection funds and limited manpower and material resources. Secondly, it causes the unbalanced development of natural reserves in China. This imbalance is mainly manifested in the large proportion of the forestry system, and the other is that the coverage rate of the protected areas is fairly uneven throughout the country and high density population. The coverage of regional protection areas is too low; third, the proportion of the national protected areas is high. Objectively, there are serious protection vacancies in China's natural reserves, and many species and important biogeographic units are facing serious threats. The survey shows that although China's national character protection has reached 1900, it still remains. There are many key ecosystems and important species that have not been well protected. Macro layout is chaotic, macro coordination mechanism is missing, and macro management is unfavourable, which is one of the main causes of natural protection in China, one of the main causes of low efficiency repetition, and to improve the form of natural protection only by efforts in the case of control of macro management. The level of management is only a protective act of managing the standard, which can not fundamentally change the weak pattern of natural protection in China. Therefore, the urgent task is to clarify the macro distribution and macro control of China's natural protection. Based on the above understanding, this paper selects five forms of natural protection, which is the most important of our country, and uses GIS space analysis. Method, according to the data of the population density and the urban development index, the spatial distribution characteristics and the relationship between them and the nature reserve are analyzed. The following main conclusions are drawn: (1) there are great differences in the number of the protected areas and scenic spots among the provinces in China, and there are significant differences in the geographical distribution of the two. The scenic spots are mainly concentrated in the Southern Yangtze River Basin, the middle part of the Yellow River, and the relatively remote areas in Northeast and western regions or in the rare area protection areas. In general, the scenic areas are relatively concentrated compared with the natural reserves. The concentration of scenic spots has a positive correlation with the population concentration; it is not considered in the province. The distribution of scenic spots in the Middle East region is relatively concentrated, and the sparsely populated western natural reserves are relatively concentrated. The national scenic spots are basically distributed around the city, and the distribution trend is similar, showing a certain regularity; and the degree of deviation between the National Nature Reserve and the city is very large, and the relationship with the city is very large. It is very small. The spatial distribution density map shows that both national nature reserve and national scenic area have concentrated distribution. The intensity of natural reserves and scenic spots is higher than the national average density in the area of Beijing, Tianjin and Tang, Sichuan and Shaanxi, Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. (2) interprovincial insurance in China. There are great differences in the number of protected areas and national geoparks. The national geoparks are mainly concentrated in the Southern Yangtze River Basin and other areas, while the protected areas are mostly distributed in the Far East and west regions or in the dilute areas. There is a positive correlation between the concentration of the quality Park and the concentration of the population. Under the influence of the provinces, the Geoparks in the Middle East region are relatively concentrated, and the western natural reserves with sparse population are relatively concentrated. The number of natural reserves in the northwest region of Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai is not high, but the area of the single protected area is large, so the area is in area. On the contrary, the area of the region is relatively small, but the area of each natural reserve is relatively small, and the area of the Geopark is relatively balanced throughout the country. (3) the distribution of wetland conservation areas and wetland parks is relatively consistent with the distribution of wetland and water system in China. The distribution pattern of "East Mississippi" is shown. The density map shows that both the wet protected area and the wetland park are concentrated in the three major areas: the Northeast Songhua River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coastal area; the wet park is distributed more scattered, mainly in Beijing, mountains East, the Yangtze River entrance, the junction of Hubei and Hunan, Eastern Sichuan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangdong, and other regions. The northwest, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and other provinces have large areas of wetlands, the number of wetland parks and wetland parks is very small, some areas still exist in the protection of the blank area. From the national scale, although wetland reserves number There are more than wetland parks, but the distribution of wetland reserves is very uneven, and it is heavily biased toward the southeast. (4) the largest proportion of the Forest Park is in the protected land system, the Forest Park is mainly distributed in the northeast and Inner Mongolia mountainous plain, the North China Plain and the Loess Plateau, and the hilly plain in East China; Forest Park and the city are in a small distance. In the near future, the degree of its development has a certain relationship with the city. The geographical distribution of natural protection forms in central and South China, East China and other places is relatively high, while in the northwest, southwest and North China and other regions, there are still a lot of cover vacancies. Although the area of Hainan, the Yangtze River Basin, Fujian, Zhejiang and Hainan, the area of nature reserves is not. There is no full coverage of the key areas, but after the superposition of the other four forms of protection, the key areas distributed in these areas are almost completely covered and the biodiversity is well protected. The key areas in Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu and Guangxi are protected by different forms of protection in different forms, and the distribution of protected areas is more divided. Scattered, small area. Xinjiang, northeast, Inner Mongolia key areas of a small area of protected areas, Forest Park, Geopark and Wetland Park protection, the various forms of protection are more scattered, but large area. The Wetland Park protection area is larger, the protection of biological diversity is greater. Half of the area of Qinghai's key areas is covered by natural reserves. The key areas of Tibet are almost unprotected.

【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S759.9

【参考文献】