控释氮肥、钾肥及生物炭对棉花生长和土壤养分状况的影响

发布时间：2018-05-05 14:42

本文选题：控释肥 + 生物炭　；参考：《山东农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：包膜控释肥料能够调控养分释放与作物养分吸收相同步,从而达到减肥不减产的目的;生物炭具有较强的稳定性和吸附性,施入土壤中能够有效改善土壤肥力状况。黄淮海棉区是我国最为重要的棉花种植区域,但目前仍存在施肥量大,人力成本投入高,长期种植下土壤肥力退化严重等问题。本研究主要针对黄淮海棉区棉花生长过程中存在的主要问题,针对性的提出了综合利用控释氮肥、控释钾肥和生物炭实现棉花增产和土壤培肥的机理,研究了控释氮肥、钾肥及生物炭对大蒜-棉花套作体系生长和土壤养分状况的影响。本研究在采用田间定位试验究控释氮肥对土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,采用盆栽试验探究控释氮肥对土壤氨挥发和土壤氮素供应的影响,从而明确控释氮肥较常规施氮量减氮1/3仍能够维持棉花高产稳产机理;利用池栽定位试验探讨了包膜氯化钾对棉花生长和土壤钾素有效性的影响;利用盆栽试验研究了包膜控释氯化钾对棉花叶片光合和钾素利用效率的影响。采用定位试验研究了生物炭施用量对作物生长和土壤理化性质的影响;采用盆栽试验探究了控释氮肥与生物炭交互对土壤氮素供应、叶片光合特性和产量的影响。研究的结果和结论如下:(1)控释氮肥延缓了氨挥发高峰出现时间,降低了土壤氨挥发速率峰值,与等施氮量的尿素处理相比氨挥发损失减少65.1%-104.9%。控释氮肥提高了0-20 cm土壤硝态氮含量,降低了60-100 cm土壤硝态氮含量,减少了硝态氮向下层土壤的淋溶损失,并且提高了0-20 cm土壤有机质和全氮含量。控释氮肥在土壤中的释放高峰期出现在盛花到盛铃期阶段,使盛花期后土壤保持较高硝态氮和铵态氮含量,显著提高了叶片SPAD值,改善了叶片光合和荧光特性。因此,控释氮肥显著提高了棉花产量,控释氮肥较当地常规施肥减氮1/3仍能够维持棉花高产稳产。(2)施钾棉花显著增产18.4%-72.7%,皮棉产量随施钾量的增加而增加。控释氯化钾较普通钾肥一次基施处理显著提高了铃期和始絮期土壤速效钾含量,提高了铃期后叶片SPAD值和净光合速率。与硫酸钾和氯化钾相比,控释氯化钾配施硫磺显著提高了成铃数和单铃重,皮棉分别显著增产16.9%-24.9%和24.4%-30.9%。控释氯化钾配施硫磺较氯化钾显著提高了纤维长度、整齐度指数和伸长率。经过3年施肥后,控释氯化钾较普通钾肥一次基施显著提高了土壤水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾含量。用包膜氯化钾代替硫酸钾和氯化钾,可以在不影响品质的前提下以较低的施钾量获得更高的产量。(3)生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值、有机碳和全氮含量,但连续2年2%(w/w)生物炭施用降低了土壤速效磷含量。生物炭显著改善了土壤水分保蓄能力,土壤田间持水量显著提高15.6%-23.9%,土壤有效含水量显著提高14.6%-45.2%。生物炭显著提高了棉花初花期和铃期叶片SPAD值,提高了净光合速率和蒸腾速率。连续3年施用生物炭显著提高了0-20 cm土壤NO3--N含量,降低了40-80 cm土壤NO3--N含量,减少了土壤硝态氮的淋溶损失。施用生物炭和控释氮肥均能显著提高棉花产量,两者存在显著的交互效应。控释氮肥显著增加了初花期至始絮期土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮含量,显著提高了生长后期叶片SPAD值,但秸秆还田条件下,控释氮肥增产效果不显著。生物炭与控释肥对土壤硝态氮含量、土壤有机碳、土壤pH值和产量存在显著的交互效应,但衣分含量、马克隆值和纤维强度不受碳源和氮源及其交互效应的影响。(4)研发出的棉花专用控释肥田间示范结果表明,棉花专用控释氮肥(CRF1)和棉花专用控释氮、钾肥处理(CRF2)均显著提高了单铃重和成铃数;CRF1和CRF2处理皮棉分别显著增产10.2%-21.9%和18.2%-25.2%;CRF1与Urea处理产量无显著差异,但减少了施肥次数,实现棉花轻简化生产;CRF2成铃数显著高于Urea处理,皮棉显著增产9.3%-12.3%。CRF2处理提高了棉花收获期0-20 cm土层NO3--N和速效钾含量,为棉花生育后期提供了充足的硝态氮和速效钾供应。本研究通过研究缓控释肥料养分释放特点,土壤养分供应和剖面分布,结合棉花叶片光合和荧光变化,棉花产量、品质和养分利用效率,探究了包膜尿素、包膜氯化钾和生物炭在棉花上应用效果和减肥增产机理。
[Abstract]:Coated controlled-release fertilizers can regulate nutrient release and crop nutrient absorption, thus achieving the goal of reducing weight loss. Biological carbon has strong stability and absorbability, which can effectively improve soil fertility. The Huang Huai cotton area is the most important cotton planting area in China, but the amount of fertilizer still exists at present. This study mainly aimed at the main problems in the growth process of cotton in Huang Huai's cotton area. This paper put forward the mechanism of comprehensive utilization of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, controlled release potash fertilizer and biological carbon to increase cotton yield and soil fertility, and studied controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and raw material. The effects of carbon on the growth of garlic cotton intercropping system and soil nutrient status were investigated. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen profile distribution was investigated in this study. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on soil ammonia volatilization and soil nitrogen supply was investigated by pot experiment. The effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen reduction 1/3 was still clear. The effect of potassium chloride on cotton growth and soil potassium availability was investigated by pool planting location test. The effect of controlled release potassium chloride on Photosynthesis and potassium utilization efficiency of cotton leaves was studied by pot experiment. The effects of soil physical and chemical properties were studied. The effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and biological carbon on soil nitrogen supply, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were investigated. The results and conclusions were as follows: (1) controlled release nitrogen fertilizer delayed the peak time of ammonia volatilization, reduced the peak of soil ammonia volatilization rate, and the urea treatment phase with equal nitrogen application. The decrease of 65.1%-104.9%. controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer increased the nitrate nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil, reduced the nitrate nitrogen content in 60-100 cm soil, reduced the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen to the lower soil, and increased the organic matter and total nitrogen content of 0-20 cm soil. At the stage, the soil maintained higher nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content after the flowering period, significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and improved the photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of leaves. Therefore, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved the yield of cotton. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was still able to maintain high and stable yield of cotton compared with local conventional fertilizer nitrogen reduction 1/3. (2) potassium cotton increased the yield of 18.4%-72.7%, skin Compared with potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, controlled release potassium chloride with potassium chloride and potassium chloride increased the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate after the bell stage. Compared with potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, controlled release potassium chloride combined with sulphur significantly increased the number of bolls and the weight of single Boll and cotton. No significant increase in production of 16.9%-24.9% and 24.4%-30.9%. controlled release potassium chloride with sulphur than potassium chloride significantly increased fiber length, uniformity index and elongation. After 3 years of fertilization, controlled release potassium chloride was significantly increased in soil water-soluble potassium and non special potassium content than ordinary potash fertilizer. Potassium can obtain higher yield with lower potassium application without affecting the quality. (3) biological charcoal significantly improved soil pH value, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, but 2 years of 2% (w/w) bio carbon application decreased soil available phosphorus content. Biological carbon significantly improved soil moisture retention capacity, soil field water capacity was significantly increased by 1. 5.6%-23.9%, soil effective water content significantly increased 14.6%-45.2%. biological charcoal significantly increased the SPAD value of cotton early flowering and bell stage leaves, increased net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. 3 years of continuous application of biological carbon significantly increased the content of NO3--N in 0-20 cm soil, reduced the NO3--N content in 40-80 cm soil, and reduced the leaching loss of soil nitrate nitrogen. The application of biological carbon and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the yield of cotton, and there was significant interaction effect. Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content in the early flowering period to the beginning of the floc period, and significantly increased the SPAD value of the leaves in the late growth period, but the effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was not significant under the condition of straw returning. Biological carbon and controlled-release release were not significant. There were significant interaction effects on the content of soil nitrate nitrogen, soil organic carbon, soil pH value and yield, but the content of the soil, the value of horse clones and the fiber strength were not affected by carbon source and nitrogen source and its interaction effect. (4) the results showed that the special controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF1) and cotton special controlled-release nitrogen were developed. Potassium fertilizer treatment (CRF2) significantly increased the single boll weight and the number of bolls; CRF1 and CRF2 significantly increased the yield of 10.2%-21.9% and 18.2%-25.2%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between CRF1 and Urea, but reduced the number of fertilizers and realized the simplified production of cotton; the number of CRF2 bells was higher than the Urea treatment, and the increased yield of cotton was significantly increased by 9.3%-12.3%.CRF2. The content of NO3--N and available potassium in the 0-20 cm soil layer of the cotton harvest period provided sufficient nitrate nitrogen and available potassium for the late growth of cotton. This study studied the nutrient release characteristics of the slow controlled release fertilizer, soil nutrient supply and profile distribution, photosynthesis and fluorescence transformation of cotton leaves, and the yield, quality and utilization efficiency of cotton. The application effect of coated urea, coated potassium chloride and biochar on cotton and the mechanism of weight loss and yield increase were also discussed.

【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S562;S158

【参考文献】