砂壤土条件下灰枣井式灌溉高效节水机理研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 16:02

本文选题：井式灌溉 + 灰枣树　；参考：《新疆农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：灌溉农业是干旱区农业发展的典型特征,发展节水灌溉在农林业、生态建设体系建设中具有极其重要的地位,有效、精准、节水是灌溉发展的必然趋势。截止到2015年,新疆特色林果业种植面积已达近2300万亩,枣树种植面积已突破700万亩,成为了新疆特色林果业的第一大栽培树种,新疆枣树主要分布在环塔里木盆地的干旱和极端干旱区。目前新疆枣树的灌溉方式主要以漫灌、沟灌、滴灌(幼树)为主,随着社会经济的发展,灌溉节水要求的提高,地面滴灌面积逐渐增加,但是目前滴灌技术无法实现中径级、大径级灰枣树的节水灌溉,特别是无法实现有效、精准、节水,在灌溉的大量研究中,地下渗灌这种灌溉方式是国内外当前追求的一种最为有效、精准、节水的灌溉方式,当前国内上没有大面积应用的地下渗灌成熟技术和配套设备。在这一背景下如何通过地下渗灌来提高新疆地区中、大径级灰枣树灌溉水有效利用率,充分实现利用有限水资源进行科学灌溉,已成为当地红枣产业生产中急需解决的问题。针对新疆特色林果业生产发展中面临水资源紧缺的现实,本论文以国家公益性行业专项项目——“红枣有效、精准、节水灌溉技术研究”为依托,借助该项目组发明的“林木井式灌溉方法”、“林木井式节水用竖井管”以及“林木节水灌溉用竖井管管盖”等系列国家专利。在新疆林业科学院佳木试验站红枣示范园内开展中、大径级灰枣树井式高效节水灌溉机理研究的系列大田试验,通过对中径级和大径级灰枣树根系分布特征、不同滴头流量和灌水历时下井灌过程中水分运移特征、井灌过程中灰枣树光合特性、灰枣树体茎流特性以及井灌后地表蒸发规律等进行了系统研究,并通过对比常规大田漫灌下与井式灌溉下灰枣的果实产量、品质,进一步证实井式灌溉对果实产量、品质的利弊影响,取得了以下成果:(1)通过中、大径级灰枣树根系挖掘试验发现:中径级灰枣树吸收根系在水平距离0~400cm、垂直距离10~160cm区间内均有分布,在水平方向距离树干越近吸收根分布密度等值线越密集;根长密度、根表面积密度均与水平、垂直距离呈幂函数关系,R2大于0.94;中径级灰枣树水平方向上根系分布主要区域(根系累积百分比70~80%)集中在:0~125cm,垂直方向上根系主要分布区域(根系累积百分比70~80%)集中在:10cm~70cm。大径级灰枣树吸收根系在水平距离0~450cm、垂直距离10~160cm区间内也均有分布;根长密度、根表面积密度同样与水平、垂直距离呈幂函数关系,且r2大于0.81;大径级灰枣树水平方向上根系分布主要区域(根系累积百分比70~80%)集中在:0~150cm,垂直方向上根系分布主要分布区域(根系累积百分比70~80%)集中在:10cm~90cm。(2)空白地单竖井管井式灌溉试验为研究中、大径级灰枣树下井式灌溉提供了理论依据,结合中、大径级灰枣树根系分布特征,确定出井式灌溉在中径级灰枣树井灌试验过程中选择双井管,滴头流量设定为8l/h、12l/h,灌水历时为8h、12h、16h;大径级灰枣树井灌试验过程中选择四个井管,头流量设定为8l/h、12l/h,灌水历时为6、8、10、12h。(3)通过三年的中径级灰枣树下双管井式灌溉大田原位沙壤土水分运移规律试验,得出适宜中径级灰枣树井式灌溉的滴头流量与灌水历时分别为滴头流量8l/h、灌水历时16h;滴头流量为12l/h、灌水历时为12、16h。由于井式灌溉采用常规滴灌用稳流器,稳流器在长期的使用过程中,导致内部出现损伤后一定程度上会增加或减少流量,因此在选用稳流器时,满足林木需水同时尽可能选择小滴量稳流器,因此在井式灌溉实际应用过程中选用滴头流量8l/h、灌水历时16h为试验对象。(4)通过三年的大径级灰枣树下四管井式灌溉大田原位沙壤土水分运移规律试验,得出适宜大径级灰枣树井式灌溉的滴头流量为8l/h时、灌水历时为12h;滴头流量为12l/h时、灌水历时为10、12h。同样在选用稳流器时,本着有效保证土壤含水率稳定以及高效节水的理念,在井式灌溉实际应用过程中选用滴头流量12l/h、灌水历时12h为试验对象。(5)井式灌溉下中、大径级灰枣树各个光合参数均在膨大期、坐果期、成熟期、开花期较大,中径级灰枣树通过井式灌溉后对各个生育期光合特性的影响不大,较漫灌而言灌溉总量(井式灌溉)减小,并没有使中径级灰枣树出现干旱胁迫。由井式灌溉与漫灌下中、大径级灰枣树光合特性参数日均值,可知,中径级灰枣树在井式灌溉与漫灌条件下pn、gs存在显著差异(p0.01),ci、tr、wue均无显著差异。大径级灰枣在井式灌溉与漫灌下仅pn存在显著差异(p0.01),井式灌溉下pn较漫灌要高出11.6%,其余光合特性参数均无显著差异。(6)井式灌溉下中、大径级灰枣树的耗水量均大于漫灌条件下,井式灌溉下单株中径级灰枣树一个生长季耗水为4.68 m3,中径级灰枣树每亩按照83株计算,井式灌溉下中径级灰枣树每亩耗水为388.44 m3;大田漫灌下单株中径级灰枣树一个生长季耗水为4.36 m3,中径级灰枣树每亩按照83株计算,大田漫灌下中径级灰枣树每亩耗水为362m3。井式灌溉下单株大径级灰枣树一个生长季耗水为7.62 m3,大径级灰枣树每亩按照42株计算,井式灌溉下大径级灰枣树每亩耗水为320.04 m3;大田漫灌下单株大径级灰枣树一个生长季耗水为7.21 m3,大径级灰枣树每亩按照42株计算,大田漫灌下大径级灰枣树每亩耗水为302.82 m3。可见,全生长季井式灌溉下并未使中、大径级灰枣树耗水量降低,实施井式灌溉后并未影响到盛果期灰枣树对土壤水分的利用效率。(7)井式灌溉下单株中径级灰枣树全生长季树下地表蒸发量为1201.72 L/株,中径级灰枣树每亩83株计算,可得中径级灰枣树在井式灌溉下每亩地表蒸发量约为99.74m3;大田漫灌下单株中径级灰枣树全生长季树下地表蒸发量为3368.04 L/株,中径级灰枣树每亩83株计算,可得中径级灰枣树在大田漫灌下每亩地表蒸发量约为279.55 m3。井式灌溉下单株大径级灰枣树全生长季地表蒸发量为4193.36 L/株,大径级灰枣树每亩42株计算,可得大径级灰枣树在井式灌溉下每亩地表蒸发量约为176.12 m3;大田漫灌下单株大径级灰枣树全生长季地表蒸发量为5777.38 L/株,大径级灰枣树每亩42株计算,可得大径级灰枣树在大田漫灌下每亩地表蒸发量约为242.65 m3。(8)中径级灰枣树经过井式灌溉、常规漫灌、常规滴灌处理后,单株产量最高的为井式灌溉处理,单果最重的为常规漫灌,但二者无显著性差异;大径级灰枣树经过井式灌溉与常规漫灌处理后单株产量最高的同样为井式灌溉处理,单果最重的同样为常规漫灌,并且二者无显著性差异。中、大径级灰枣树经过井式灌溉处理后微量元素的含量较常规漫灌下差异不显著,井式灌溉技术在中、大径级灰枣树实际应用后,与常规大田漫灌相比果实产量以及果实品质基本无较大差异。综上所述,井式灌溉技术在中、大径级灰枣树应用过程中不仅大大减少了灌溉总量、棵间地表蒸发量,而且还有效提高了水分利用效率,并且没有减弱树体光合作用以及对土壤水分吸收利用能力,井式灌溉下中、大径级灰枣树的果实产量以及果实品质与常规漫灌下没有明显差异。可见,井式灌溉是一种新型的、行之有效的高效、精准灌溉技术。
[Abstract]:Irrigation agriculture is a typical characteristic of agricultural development in arid area. It is very important to develop water-saving irrigation in agriculture, forestry and ecological construction system. Effective, accurate, water saving is the inevitable trend of irrigation development. By the end of 2015, the planting area of Xinjiang's characteristic forest and fruit industry has reached nearly 23 million mu, and the planting area of jujube trees has exceeded 7 million mu. Xinjiang jujube trees are mainly distributed in the arid and extreme arid regions of the Tarim basin for the first major cultivated tree species in the forest and fruit industry in Xinjiang. At present, the main irrigation methods of the jujube trees in Xinjiang are mainly flooding, furrow irrigation and drip irrigation (young trees). With the development of the social and economic development, the requirement for irrigation water saving is raised, and the area of the ground drip irrigation is gradually increased, but the area of the ground drip irrigation is increasing. Water saving irrigation of middle diameter and large diameter grey jujube trees can not be realized by the former drip irrigation technology. In particular, it is impossible to achieve effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation. Underground irrigation irrigation is the most effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation mode at home and abroad, and there is no large area of underground irrigation in China at present. In this context, under this background, how to improve the effective utilization rate of irrigation water in the large diameter grey jujube trees in Xinjiang area by subsurface infiltration irrigation and fully realize the scientific irrigation with limited water resources has become an urgent problem to be solved in the production of local red date industry. In view of the development of Xinjiang characteristic forest and fruit industry, the surface water is facing water. With the shortage of resources, this paper is based on the special project of national public welfare industry, "jujube effective, accurate and water-saving irrigation technology", with the help of the "forest well irrigation method" invented by the project group, "forest well type water saving shaft pipe" and "vertical shaft pipe cover for forest water saving irrigation". In the red date demonstration garden of Jiamu experimental station, Xinjiang Academy of forestry science, a series of field experiments on the mechanism of high efficiency and water-saving irrigation for large diameter grey jujube trees are carried out. The characteristics of the root distribution of the middle and large diameter grey date trees, the characteristics of the water movement in the process of well irrigation under the different dripper flow and the time of irrigation, and the grey date tree light in the process of well irrigation. The characteristics, the characteristics of the stem flow of the Chinese jujube tree and the law of surface evaporation after well irrigation were systematically studied, and the following results were obtained by comparing the fruit yield and quality of the conventional field irrigation and well type irrigation of the fruit, and the advantages and disadvantages of the fruit yield and quality were further confirmed: (1) the root of the large diameter grey jujube tree was adopted. The excavation experiment found that the middle diameter grey date tree absorbed roots in the horizontal distance 0~400cm and the vertical distance 10~160cm, the closer to the tree trunk, the more dense the density contour line was more close to the tree trunk; the root length density and the root surface area density were power function relation with the horizontal and vertical distance, R2 greater than 0.94; the middle diameter grade grey date tree level The main area of root distribution in the direction (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) concentrated in: 0~125cm, the main distribution area of root system in vertical direction (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) concentrated in: 10cm~70cm. large diameter grey date tree absorption root in horizontal distance 0~450cm, vertical distance 10~ 160cm also distribution; root length density, root surface area density The same with the level, the vertical distance is a power function relationship, and R2 is more than 0.81. The main root distribution area (root accumulation percentage 70~80%) in the horizontal direction of the large diameter grey date tree is concentrated in: 0~150cm, the main distribution area of root distribution in the vertical direction (the root cumulative percentage 70~80%) is concentrated in the 10cm~90cm. (2) blank single shaft well irrigation. The experiment provides a theoretical basis for the lower well irrigation of the large diameter grey date tree in the study. In combination with the distribution characteristics of the root distribution of the large diameter grey date tree, the selection of Shuangjing tube in the process of well irrigation in the middle diameter grade grey date tree is determined. The flow rate of the drop head is set to be 8l/h, 12l/h, and the irrigation calendar is 8h, 12h, 16h, and the large diameter grade grey date tree well irrigation test process. Four well pipes were selected and the head flow was set to 8l/h, 12l/h, and the irrigation time was 6,8,10,12h. (3) through the experiment on the water migration law of the two tube well irrigation field in situ sandy loam soil under the middle diameter grade of three years. It was concluded that the dripper flow rate and the irrigation time suitable for the middle diameter grade grey jujube well irrigation were 8l/h, 16h and dripper. The flow rate is 12l/h, the irrigation time is 12,16h. due to the conventional drip irrigation for well irrigation. The flow regulator will increase or reduce the flow to a certain extent after the internal damage in the long period of use. Therefore, when the stabilizer is used, the water requirement of the forest is satisfied and the constant flow regulator is selected as much as possible. Therefore, the well irrigation is used in the well type irrigation. In the actual application process, the dripper flow 8l/h is selected and the irrigation time 16h is the test object. (4) through the experiment of water migration of the four pipe irrigation field in situ sandy loam under the three year large diameter grey date tree, it is concluded that when the dripper flow rate is 8l/h, the irrigation time is 12h; when the drop head flow is 12l/h, the irrigation calendar is used. When 10,12h. is also used in the selection of stabilizer, in order to ensure the stability of soil water content and efficient water saving, the dripper flow 12l/h is selected in the practical application process of well irrigation, and the irrigation time 12h is the test object. (5) under well type irrigation, the photosynthetic parameters of the large diameter grade grey date trees are all in the expansion period, the fruit setting period, the maturity period and the flowering time. The medium diameter grade grey date tree has little effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of each growth period after well irrigation, and the total irrigation amount (well irrigation) is less than that of the flood irrigation, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree has no drought stress. There were significant differences between PN and GS (P0.01), CI, TR and WUE in well irrigation and flooding irrigation. There were significant differences in PN between well irrigation and flooding irrigation (P0.01), PN was 11.6% higher than that under well irrigation, and there was no significant difference in the other photosynthetic characteristics. (6) the water consumption of large diameter grey jujube trees under well irrigation. Under the condition of irrigation, one of the growth Ji Haoshui of Chinese jujube tree in the single plant under well type irrigation is 4.68 m3, and the medium diameter grey date tree per mu is calculated according to 83 plants. The water consumption of the middle diameter grade grey date tree per mu under well irrigation is 388.44 m3, and the water consumption of the medium diameter grade grey date tree under the field irrigation is 4.36 m3 in a growing season, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree per mu is 83 per mu. It is calculated that the water consumption of the middle diameter grey date tree per mu under the flood irrigation is 7.62 m3 for the growth of the single plant large diameter jujube tree under 362m3. well irrigation, and the large diameter grey date tree per mu is calculated according to 42 plants. The water consumption of the large diameter grey date tree under the well irrigation is 320.04 m3 per mu, and the one growth of the single plant large diameter grade grey date tree under the flood irrigation is 7 of 7 m3. .21 m3, the large diameter grey date tree per mu was calculated according to 42 plants. The water consumption of the large diameter grade grey date tree per mu under the flood irrigation was 302.82 m3. per mu. The water consumption of the large diameter grey date tree was not reduced under the full growing season well irrigation. After the well irrigation, the efficiency of the soil water utilization was not affected by the well irrigation. (7) single plant under well type irrigation. The evapotranspiration of the medium diameter grey date tree under the total growth season tree is 1201.72 L/, and the medium diameter grade grey date tree is calculated by 83 plants per mu. The surface evaporation of the middle diameter grey date tree is about 99.74m3 per mu under the well irrigation, and the surface evapotranspiration of the middle diameter grade grey date tree under the field irrigation is 3368.04 L/, and the middle diameter grade grey date tree is 83 plant per mu. The evapotranspiration of the surface evaporation of the middle diameter grey jujube tree per mu under the field irrigation is about 279.55 m3. well irrigation. The evaporation amount of the surface evaporation is 4193.36 L/, and the large diameter grey date tree is calculated by 42 plants per mu. The evapotranspiration of the large diameter grey jujube tree is about 176.12 m3 per mu under the well irrigation. The total growth season surface evaporation of single plant large diameter grey jujube tree is 5777.38 L/ plants and 42 plants per mu of large diameter grade grey date tree can be calculated. The surface evaporation of large diameter grey jujube tree is about 242.65 m3. (8) of medium diameter grade grey date tree under field irrigation, and the highest yield per plant is well irrigation area after conventional drip irrigation. There is no significant difference between the two ones, but there is no significant difference in the single fruit. The highest yield of the single plant after well irrigation and conventional flooding is the same as well irrigation. The heaviest single fruit is the same as the conventional flood irrigation, and there is no significant difference between the two. There is no significant difference in the content of the elements compared with that of the conventional flood irrigation. Well type irrigation technique is in the middle, and there is no significant difference between the fruit yield and the quality of the fruit after the practical application of the large diameter grade grey date tree. In this case, in the process of well irrigation, the total amount of irrigation is greatly reduced and the height of the tree is greatly reduced. It also improved the water use efficiency, and did not weaken the photosynthesis of the tree body and the ability to absorb and use the soil water. In the well irrigation, there was no obvious difference between the fruit yield and the quality of the large diameter grey jujube trees. Precision irrigation technology.
【学位授予单位】：新疆农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S665.1

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