双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器的设计与试验研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 21:21

本文选题：马铃薯 + 双列交错勺带式　；参考：《东北农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：马铃薯作为世界四大主粮之一,是最具发展前景的高产经济作物,其种植生产模式与规模对于中国农业结构调整、保障粮食生产安全发展具有重要意义。中国是马铃薯生产大国,却不是生产强国,种植面积及总产量均占据世界第一位,但作物单产水平远低于世界平均水平,其主要原因是我国马铃薯生产机械化水平低。马铃薯机械化播种作为实现马铃薯全程机械化生产的最重要环节,直接影响马铃薯产量与品质。排种器作为马铃薯精量播种机的关键部件,仍存在作业效率低、重播漏播严重、适应性较差等诸多技术问题。为满足马铃薯机械化播种的需求,本文采用农机与农艺相结合的理念,设计研制了一种双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器。该排种器采用在排种带上取种凹勺合理交错布置及振动清种装置,有效地减少了播种过程中的重播及漏播问题。本文根据马铃薯精量播种农艺要求,以马铃薯种薯物料特性研究为基础,运用理论分析、EDEM模拟仿真、高速摄像及试验研究相结合的方法,对双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器进行研究与探索,本研究主要内容及结论如下:(1)马铃薯种薯物料特性测定研究选取东北地区广泛种植的三种马铃薯种薯(费乌瑞它、尤金885和东农312)进行物料特性研究,测定其基本物理特性(三轴尺寸、几何平均径、球形率、质量、密度、体积及含水率),并搭建多种物理力学试验台,测定分析种薯相关力学参数(静摩擦系数、内摩擦角、休止角、刚度系数及弹性模量),为马铃薯精量排种器的结构设计及仿真分析提供理论依据。(2)双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器关键部件优化设计与分析对双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器主要结构和工作原理进行研究,对其关键部件双勺交错排种总成、主动驱动总成、振动清种装置及充种箱体进行优化设计,建立充种、清种、导种和投种过程动力学模型,分析优化排种器各关键部件最佳结构参数。(3)基于离散元素法的马铃薯精量排种器充种运移性能仿真模拟分析为优化排种器柔性充种性能,结合离散元素法建立排种器虚拟模型,运用离散元仿真软件EDEM对排种器充种舀取过程进行单因素虚拟试验,分析充种过程中造成不同尺寸等级种薯产生重播和漏播问题的主要原因,初步筛选排种器较优工作参数,并进行试验样机的加工试制,为后续台架及田间试验进行充分准备。(4)基于高速摄像技术的马铃薯精量排种器投种性能分析与试验以双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器导种系统为研究载体,重点探究马铃薯种薯投送运移机理,分析影响导种投送运移轨迹的主要因素。在此基础上自主设计搭建马铃薯精量排种试验台,采用高速摄像与图像目标跟踪技术对种薯投送运移轨迹进行判别分析,得到种薯投送落种轨迹的分布规律,为马铃薯精量排种器导种系统及配套开沟器优化设计奠定理论基础。(5)马铃薯精量排种器台架性能试验为得到排种器最佳工作参数组合,以排种器倾斜角度、工作转速和振动幅度为主要因素,以粒距合格指数、重播指数和漏播指数为性能指标,参考国家标准GB/T 6242—2006《种植机械马铃薯种植机试验方法》和NY/T 1415—2007《马铃薯种植机质量评价技术规范》,分别进行单因素和多因素正交旋转组合试验,建立排种性能指标与试验参数间数学模型。运用Design-Expert 8.0.10软件对试验结果进行处理分析,对所得优化结果进行试验验证,考察其设计科学性及合理性。试验结果表明,工作转速为31.5r/min,振动幅度为11.7mm时,排种作业性能最优,合格指数为89.92%,重播指数为5.12%,漏播指数为4.96%。(6)马铃薯精量播种装置配置与田间试验根据东北地区马铃薯种植农艺要求,对开沟器、排肥器、肥箱、覆土器及镇压轮等部件进行选型配套,综合设计配置马铃薯精量播种装置。以费乌瑞它、东农312和尤金885三个马铃薯种薯为供试品种,进行田间播种试验,对播种均匀性、种肥深度及后续产量进行测定,检验机具作业效果。田间试验结果表明,在工况条件下粒距合格指数、重播指数和漏播指数均优于国家标准所规定的指标,平均空勺率为3.44%,种肥深度适宜,预测平均亩产量可达3230.9kg,能够满足马铃薯精密播种农艺要求。
[Abstract]:As one of the four major grain crops in the world, potato is the most promising high yield economic crop. Its planting mode and scale are of great significance to the adjustment of China's agricultural structure and the safety and development of grain production. The level of crop yield is far below the world average, the main reason is that the mechanization level of potato production is low in China. As the most important part of realizing the whole process of potato mechanization, potato mechanization sowing directly affects the potato yield and quality. As the key part of the potato precision seeder, the seed metering device still has the operation effect. In order to meet the demand of potato mechanization sowing, this paper designed and developed a double row interlaced spoon with the concept of the combination of agricultural machinery and Agronomy in order to meet the needs of potato mechanization sowing. The device has effectively reduced the problem of replanting and missing sowing in the process of sowing. Based on the requirements of the potato precision seeding agronomy, based on the study of the material characteristics of potato seed potato, the method of combining the theoretical analysis, EDEM simulation, high speed camera and experimental research is carried out to study the double row interlaced spoon with potato precision seed metering device. And the main contents and conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the study of material characteristics of potato seed potato selection and selection of three potato seed tubers widely cultivated in Northeast China (Fisher, Eugene 885 and Dong Nong 312) to study the material properties and determine the basic physical properties (three axis size, geometric mean diameter, spherical rate, mass, density, volume and content). Water rate), and set up a variety of physical and mechanical test bench to determine the related mechanical parameters of seed potato (static friction coefficient, internal friction angle, rest angle, stiffness coefficient and modulus of elasticity), and provide theoretical basis for the structure design and simulation analysis of the potato precision seed metering device. (2) the optimization design of the key components of the double row interlaced spoon belt type potato precision seed metering device The main structure and working principle of the double row interlaced spoon with potato precision seed metering device were analyzed and analyzed. The key components were two spoon interlacing assembly, the active drive assembly, the vibratory clearing device and the filling box, and the dynamic model of seed filling, clearing, guiding and feeding process was established, and the key points were analyzed and optimized. (3) the simulation and analysis of the filling and transporting performance of the potato precision seed metering device based on discrete element method is used to optimize the performance of the seed metering device, to optimize the flexible filling performance of the seed metering device, and to establish the virtual model of the seed metering device with the discrete element method. The discrete element simulation software EDEM is used to fill and scoop the seed metering device to carry out the single factor virtual experiment and analyze the filling. In the process, the main causes of replanting and missing sowing of different sizes of seed tubers were caused by the preliminary screening of the better working parameters of the seed metering device, and the trial manufacture of the prototype was made to prepare for the follow-up platform and field test. (4) the performance analysis and test of the precision seeding device of the horse bell potato based on high speed camera technology The seeding system of the staggered spoon belt type potato precision seed metering device is used as the research carrier. The main factors that affect the delivery and migration mechanism of potato seed potato and the main factors affecting the transfer trajectory of the seeding species are analyzed. On this basis, the potato precision seed metering test platform is designed and built independently, and the high speed camera and image target tracking technology are used to deliver the migrating rail to the seed potato. The distribution of the trace of seed tuber was obtained by discriminant analysis. The theoretical foundation was laid for the optimization design of the seed metering device for the seed metering device and the optimal design of the furrow opener. (5) the performance test of the potato precision seed metering device is to get the best working parameter combination of the seed metering device, with the tilting angle of the seed metering device, the working speed and the vibration amplitude of the seed metering device. The main factors, with the performance index of grain distance qualification index, replay index and leakage index, refer to the national standard GB/T 6242 - 2006< test method for planting machine potato planting machine and the technical specification for the quality evaluation of NY/T 1415 - 2007< potato planter. The single factor and multi factor orthogonal rotation combination test are carried out to establish the seed performance index. The mathematical model between the standard and the test parameters. The results are processed and analyzed with Design-Expert 8.0.10 software. The optimization results are tested to verify the scientificity and rationality of the design. The test results show that when the working speed is 31.5r/min and the vibration amplitude is 11.7mm, the performance of the seed metering operation is the best, the qualification index is 89.92%, and the replay is replayed. The index is 5.12%, the leakage index is 4.96%. (6) the potato precision seeding device configuration and field test, according to the agricultural requirements of the potato planting in the northeast area, the selection and matching of the parts such as the furrow, the fertilizer applicator, the fertilizer box, the soil overburden and the repression wheel are selected, and the potato precision seeding device is designed and configured, with the fin, the Dong Nong 312 and the Eugene 885 three. In the field test, the seed uniformity, the depth of seed fertilizer and the following yield were measured, and the effect of the machine tools was tested. The field test results showed that the grain distance index, the replay index and the leakage index were better than the national standard, and the average air spoon rate was 3.44%. The depth of the fertilizer is suitable, and the average yield per mu can reach 3230.9kg, which can meet the agronomic requirements of potato precision seeding.
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S223.2

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