农林植物生物特性参数和生长环境信息采集技术与平台研究

发布时间：2018-06-11 19:27

  本文选题：作物长势信息 + 叶片　； 参考：《中国农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：农林植物生物特性参数和生长环境信息感知与获取是实现精细农业的重要环节,也是实现变量施肥和精准灌溉的重要依据。本研究利用无线传感器网络技术与先进传感器技术研制了作物叶片表面微环境参数检测系统,并分析了玉米叶片表面微环境参数在单株种植和群体种植下的时空分布规律；运用多光谱技术和先进传感器技术研制了作物冠层光谱反射率检测系统,并分析了不同生育期冬小麦冠层光谱反射率与分蘖数、干物质累积量之间的相关关系并建立了预测模型。此外还分析了,冬小麦在不同生育期不同氮素水平下,冬小麦分蘖数与干物质累积量的变化规律；笔者利用在美国访学的机会,深入调查研究了当前果园收获机械化存在的问题,设计制造了针对苹果机械化收获的振动收获平台,并利用该平台研究了造成苹果碰撞损伤的影响因素。主要研究内容如下：[1]作物叶片表面微环境参数检测系统开发与试验研发了一套作物叶片表面微环境参数检测系统,包括接触式叶表面温度测量节点、叶表面湿度测量节点、非接触式叶表面温度测量节点、PDA手持客户端。所有测量节点与PDA手持客户端之间采用ZigBee无线通讯方式,实现了大田作物叶表面微环境参数的分布式在线测量。系统硬件设计部分主要包括,通讯模块及控制电路设计、接触式测温方案设计与相应传感器选型、非接触式测温方案设计与相应传感器选型、湿度传感器选型、光照传感器选型、传感器混合信号调理电路设计、电源及多级电源转换电路设计、PDA手持终端电路改造。软件部分设计包括,通讯组网流程设计、数据采集及串口操作流程设计、通讯数据包格式规定、传感器输出数据平滑算法设计,最后给出相关软件界面。整套系统还进行了标定试验和通讯可靠性试验等其它性能试验,并给出了各测量节点的线性度、精确度、精密度以及稳定性指标。通过在陕西、山东等地试验,检测系统工作可靠。[2]玉米叶片表面微环境参数时空分布规律研究本部分主要应用自主研发的作物叶片表面微环境检测系统和红外热成像仪对单株种植和群体种植下玉米叶片表面微环境参数的时空分布规律进行研究。单株种植情况下,玉米叶片温度跟随环境温度变化,呈现出先升高后降低的“单峰”曲线,单枚叶片叶脉处温度较叶片温度低0.5℃左右。空间上,单株玉米温度呈现垂直分层现象,即顶层叶片温度小于中层叶片温度小于底层叶片温度。单株玉米叶片表面湿度在供水充足时呈现“减小-增大-减小-增大”的波浪形,而在水胁迫时呈现“盆地“形,这与作物本身生理调节有关。各层叶片叶气温差与叶气湿差变化趋势几乎一致,均随时间变化呈现“波浪形”。群体环境下玉米叶表面温度、湿度、叶气温差、叶气湿差在垂直方向仍呈现分层现象,分布规律与单株玉米类似,但在部分时间节点(如正午)呈现出拐点。在大田空间尺度上,玉米叶片温度呈现出由外及内逐渐升高的趋势,玉米叶片湿度在上午时段呈现由外及内逐渐升高,在下午时段呈现由外及内逐渐降低的趋势,这与叶片蒸腾等生理作用影响有关。本节最后研究了作物叶片电导率与微环境参数及叶片相对含水率的相关关系,证明微环境参数指标可以指示作物是否受水胁迫。[3]基于作物反射光谱特征的冬小麦茎蘖数与干物质累积量研究本部分主要研究了不同施氮水平下冬小麦分蘖数与干物质累积量的变化规律,得出过高或过低施氮均会造成分蘖数下降和干物质累积量下降；研究了冬小麦不同生育期分蘖数变化差异以及分蘖数与9种植被指数之间的相关关系,其中OSAVI(650,850)对返青期分蘖数最为敏感,EVI2(650,850)对起身期分蘖数最为敏感。建立了相关分蘖数预测模型,返青期分蘖数标定模型决定系数RC2为0.85,模型验证决定系数RV2为0.79；起身期分蘖数标定模型决定系数RC2为0.84,模型验证决定系数RV2为0.75；研究了冬小麦不同生育期干物质累积量的变化速率,得出干物质累积量在生育前期累积较慢,起身期至开花期累积速度最大,开花期至成熟期累积速度下降。研究了冬小麦不同生育期干物质累积量与9种植被指数之间的相关关系,其中OSAVI(650,850)对返青期干物质累积量最为敏感,EVI2(650,850)对起身期干物质累积量最为敏感。建立了干物质累积量预测模型,返青期干物质累积量标定模型决定系数RC2为0.6117,模型验证决定系数RV2为0.5885;起身期干物质累积量标定模型决定系数RC2为0.84,模型验证决定系数RV2为0.75。[4]作物冠层光谱反射率检测系统开发与试验介绍了被动式作物冠层光谱反射率检测系统的总体架构、光学通道设计、传感器选型设计、软件设计及在系统应用中存在的问题,然后引出主动式作物冠层光谱反射率检测系统的开发与设计。详细介绍了基于激光光源的主动式作物冠层光谱反射率检测系统的设计思路,系统构架、激光LD选型、一级放大电路、脉冲和展宽电路、中央控制器电路、系统供电电路,并给出软件设计流程图。最后给出检测系统性能试验,通过对比岛津光谱仪、ASD地物光谱仪、SPAD叶绿素计等多种仪器得出检测系统在日光下稳定性较好。[5]苹果振动收获平台与苹果碰伤影响因素研究根据美国华盛顿州苹果机械化收获实际,设计了一种苹果振动收获平台,提出了“减速+分离”是设计思想,通过组合减速棒和海绵挡帘初步实现了降低苹果损伤率的目标；研究了不同平台倾角下苹果损伤率与损伤面积百分比的变化情况,接收平台在0-40°范围内,苹果损伤率呈现先降低后升高的“波谷”趋势,25°为较优解,该角度下苹果各项损伤指标均最低。通过对Gala、 Honeycrisp、GrannySmith三种苹果的田间收获试验证明,平台具有较高的接收效率,通过控制平台倾角+不同组合的减速棒和海绵挡帘可以显著降低苹果的损伤率和损伤面积百分比。同时不同种类苹果在收获平台下的损伤表现有显著差异,这可能与苹果本身的理化性质有关。
[Abstract]:The information perception and acquisition of agricultural and forest plant biological characteristics and growth environment information is an important link to realize fine agriculture. It is also an important basis for realizing variable fertilization and precision irrigation. This study developed the micro environment parameter detection system of crop blade surface by using wireless sensor network technology and advanced sensor technology, and analyzed corn. The temporal and spatial distribution of the microenvironmental parameters of the leaf surface under single plant and population planting, the spectral reflectance detection system of crop canopy was developed by using multi spectral and advanced sensor techniques, and the correlation between the canopy spectral reflectance, the number of tillers and the accumulation of dry matter in different growth stages of winter wheat was established. In addition, the variation regularity of winter wheat tiller number and dry matter accumulation at different nitrogen levels in different growth stages was also analyzed. The author investigated the existing problems of harvesting mechanization in the orchard by using the opportunity of visiting learning in the United States, and designed and manufactured the vibration harvest leveling for the harvest of apple mechanization. The main research contents are as follows: the main research contents are as follows: [1] crop blade surface micro environment parameter detection system development and experiment research and development of a set of crop blade surface micro environment parameters detection system, including contact leaf surface temperature measurement node, leaf surface humidity measurement node, non connection. The touch type blade surface temperature measurement node, PDA hand-held client. Using ZigBee wireless communication between all measurement nodes and the PDA handheld client, the distributed on-line measurement of the micro environment parameters of the field crop leaves is realized. The hardware design part of the system includes the communication module and the control circuit design, the contact temperature measurement scheme design. With the corresponding sensor selection, non contact temperature measurement scheme design and corresponding sensor selection, humidity sensor selection, light sensor selection, sensor mixed signal conditioning circuit design, power and multistage power conversion circuit design, PDA hand-held terminal circuit transformation. Software division design including communication networking process design, data acquisition and The serial port operation flow design, the communication data packet format regulation, the sensor output data smoothing algorithm design, and finally give the related software interface. The whole system also carries out other performance tests such as calibration test and communication reliability test, and gives the linearity, accuracy, precision and stability index of each measurement node. The study on the temporal and spatial distribution of microenvironmental parameters of the.[2] maize leaf surface in the west, Shandong and other places, the temporal and spatial distribution of the micro environment parameters of the leaf surface microenvironment and the surface of the maize leaves under single plant and group planting were mainly used in this part of the study on the temporal and spatial distribution of the micro environmental parameters of the leaf surface of maize. Under the condition of single plant cultivation, the temperature of maize leaves follows the change of ambient temperature, showing a "single peak" curve that rises first and then decreases. The temperature of the single leaf vein is about 0.5 degrees lower than that of the leaf. In space, the temperature of single plant maize shows a vertical stratification, that is, the temperature of the top leaf blade is less than that of the middle layer. The surface humidity of single plant maize leaves shows a "decrease - increase - decrease - increase" wave shape when water supply is sufficient, while the water stress presents a "basin" shape, which is related to the physiological regulation of the crop itself. The variation trend of leaf air temperature difference and leaf air wetting difference in each layer is almost identical, and all presents "wave shape" with time change. The surface temperature, humidity, temperature difference of leaf gas and the difference of leaf air humidity are still stratified in the vertical direction, and the distribution regularity is similar to that of single plant, but it presents a turning point at some time nodes (such as noon). In the space scale of the field, the temperature of maize leaves is gradually rising from outside and inside, and the humidity of maize leaves is in the morning period. The present trend is gradually rising from outside and inside and gradually decreasing from outside and inside in the afternoon. This is related to the physiological effects of leaf transpiration. In the end of this section, the relationship between leaf conductivity and microenvironmental parameters and the relative water content of leaves is studied. It is proved that the parameters of microenvironment can indicate whether the crop is subjected to water stress.[3]. The variation of the number of tillering and dry matter accumulation of Winter Wheat under different nitrogen levels based on the characteristics of crop reflectance spectroscopy was studied in this part. It was concluded that the number of tillers and the accumulation of dry matter decreased by high or low nitrogen application, and the different growth stages of winter wheat were studied. The variation of tiller number and the correlation between the tiller number and the 9 planting index, of which OSAVI (650850) was most sensitive to the number of tillers at the return period, and EVI2 (650850) was the most sensitive to the number of tillers at the starting period. The prediction model of the relative tiller number, the determining coefficient RC2 of the tiller number of the green period was 0.85, and the model validation coefficient RV2 was 0.79. The determining coefficient RC2 was 0.84 and the model validation coefficient RV2 was 0.75. The variation rate of dry matter accumulation in winter wheat at different growth stages was studied, and the cumulative accumulation rate of dry matter in the early growth period was slower, and the cumulative rate of the rise period to the flowering period was the most, and the cumulative rate of the flowering period to the mature period decreased. The correlation between dry matter accumulation of winter wheat at different growth stages and 9 planting index, of which OSAVI (650850) is most sensitive to the accumulation of dry matter in the return period, and EVI2 (650850) is the most sensitive to the accumulation of dry matter in the starting period. A model for predicting dry matter accumulation is established, and the determination coefficient of the calibration model of dry matter accumulation in the period of return is RC2 For 0.6117, the model verification coefficient RV2 is 0.5885, the determination coefficient of the calibration model of dry matter accumulation at the starting period is RC2 0.84. The model validation coefficient RV2 is the 0.75.[4] crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system, and the overall framework, optical channel design and sensing system of the passive crop canopy spectral reflectance measurement system are introduced. Type selection design, software design and problems in the application of the system, and then lead to the development and design of the active crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system. The design idea of the active crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system based on laser light source, system framework, laser LD selection, first order amplification circuit and pulse are introduced in detail. And the broadening circuit, the central controller circuit, the system power supply circuit and the software design flow chart. Finally, the test system performance test is given. By comparing the SHIMADZU spectrometer, the ASD ground spectrometer and the SPAD chlorophyll meter, the stability of the detection system in the sunlight is better than that of the.[5] apple vibration harvest platform and the impact of the apple bruising. According to the actual harvest of Apple mechanization in Washington state, a kind of Apple vibration harvesting platform was designed. The design idea of "deceleration + separation" was proposed. The target of reducing the damage rate of Apple was preliminarily realized by combining deceleration rod and sponge curtain. The damage rate and damage area of apple under different platforms were studied. In the range of 0-40 degrees, the damage rate of the receiving platform was 0-40 degrees, and the damage rate of Apple showed a "trough" trend which decreased first and then increased, and the 25 degree was the best solution. Under this angle, the damage indexes of apple were the lowest. Through the field harvest test of three kinds of apples, Gala, Honeycrisp, GrannySmith, the platform had higher receiving efficiency and controlled by the control. At the same time, the damage rate and damage area percentage of apple can be significantly reduced by the tilt angle plus different combinations of deceleration rods and sponges, and there are significant differences in the damage performance of different kinds of apples under the harvest platform, which may be related to the physical and chemical properties of the apple itself.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S126
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本文编号：2006395