替代猎物、光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育维持、滞育解除及发育的影响

发布时间：2018-06-12 04:01

本文选题：大草蛉 + 豌豆修尾蚜　；参考：《山东农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur),属于脉翅目草蛉科草蛉属,其成虫和幼虫能够捕食多种农林害虫和害螨,是自然界中优势天敌种类,具有十分重要的生物防治价值。大草蛉为多化性昆虫,自然界以预蛹兼性滞育越冬,温度在滞育的调控过程与生长发育过程中起着重要的作用。1.为明确大草蛉以豌豆修尾蚜Megoura japonica Matsumura为猎物时的发育、存活、繁殖和捕食能力,本文利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法,研究了大草蛉的生命表及其捕食率。在25°C,光周期15L:9D条件下,大草蛉雌成虫的繁殖力为683.66粒/个体,种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率、净增殖率和平均世代周期分别为0.1247 d-1、1.133 d-1、333.64粒/个体和46.52 d;大草蛉幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的平均捕食率分别为145.25头/个体、1 192.47头/个体和669.08头/个体。若考虑存活率,个体的净捕食率为1 026.97头/个体;从猎物种群到捕食者后代的转化率为3.08;种群的稳定捕食率和周限捕食率分别为5.49头/个体和6.22头/个体。结果表明,以豌豆修尾蚜为猎物,大草蛉表现出较好的个体发育、种群增长和捕食特性,豌豆修尾蚜可作为大草蛉人工繁殖选择的猎物之一。2.室内观测了不同温度(22°C、25°C及不同低温)和光周期(15L:9D及9L:15D)条件下大草蛉预蛹的滞育解除以及滞育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成虫鲜重、成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量等生物学特性,发现在光周期15L:9D和9L:15D下,25°C下大草蛉预蛹期(分别为50.09 d和49.47 d)显著短于22°C(分别为80.80 d和82.20 d)的。5°C低温处理极显著延长了大草蛉预蛹期(P㩳0.01),且缩小了预蛹期的个体差异。结茧1 d的大草蛉滞育预蛹经-1°C~-10°C低温处理2 h或4 h后,预蛹期有不同程度的缩短,且绝大多数处理有显著性差异,进一步探索预蛹对低温的敏感期,发现结茧1 d,5 d和10 d的大草蛉滞育预蛹经-5°C/4h低温处理后的预蛹期显著缩短,而结茧20 d,30 d,40 d和50 d的大草蛉预蛹与对照组没有显著性差异。22°C下,与非滞育预蛹相比,滞育后预蛹的存活率显著降低,蛹期和产卵前期显著延长,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,成虫鲜重和单雌产卵量显著下降。22°C,光周期15L:9D下大草蛉的滞育持续时间为50 d~170d,且能影响滞育后发育:随着滞育持续时间的延长,蛹期逐渐延长,雌、雄成虫的鲜重逐渐降低,雄成虫寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势,蛹存活率、雌成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量没有显著性差异。结果说明:试验条件下,两种光周期对大草蛉滞育解除、滞育后发育和繁殖没有明显的影响,而温度是调节大草蛉滞育发育和繁殖的重要因子。较高温度能促进滞育的解除,5°C长时低温处理能够同步种群的滞育发育,-1°C~-10°C低温处理2 h或4 h能促进大草蛉滞育解除,且敏感期为结茧1 d~10 d。大草蛉的滞育存在生殖代价,滞育持续时间影响滞育解除后的部分生物学特性。3.在室内恒温(22°C)和模拟的平均温度相同的2种波动温度条件(22±3°C和22±5°C)研究了波动温度对大草蛉及其猎物-豌豆修尾蚜和豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。与恒温22°C相比,22±3°C条件下大草蛉的成虫前期和雌、雄成虫的寿命没有明显变化,22±5°C条件下的成虫前期显著延长,雌、雄成虫寿命显著缩短,但3种温度条件下大草蛉的繁殖力和内禀增长率没有明显的变化。豌豆修尾蚜的繁殖力和内禀增长率在22±3°C和22±5°C条件下显著降低,而豆蚜种群则相反。研究大草蛉非滞育预蛹的耐寒性,发现3种波动温度(22±3°C、22±5°C和22±7°C)条件下大草蛉非滞育预蛹的过冷却点、茧鲜重、鲜重和自由水含量随着振幅的增加而显著降低;脂肪含量则随振幅增大而升高。22±3°C和22±5°C条件下大草蛉非滞育预蛹的蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和海藻酶活力低于22°C条件;海藻糖含量则相反。结果说明波动温度对大草蛉及其猎物的影响因种而异:2种波动温度条件对大草蛉种群增长速率没有明显影响,但22±5°C和22±7°C显著增强了大草蛉非滞育预蛹的耐寒性;22±3°C和22±5°C对豌豆修尾蚜的生长发育和繁殖不利,但有利于豆蚜种群的增长。因此,恒温条件下得到的数据可能不能准确反映昆虫在田间的种群动态。同时,本研究中的生命表数据可以为天敌昆虫的大规模扩繁与田间害虫管理提供数据支持。
[Abstract]:Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), belonging to the genus mesoptera, belongs to the genus Diptera, and its adult and larva can catch a variety of agroforestry and pest mites. It is a dominant natural enemy species in nature, and has a very important biological control value. The grass flies are multiple insects, the nature is overwintering with prepupae diapause and the temperature in the control process of diapause. In the process of growth and development, the important role of.1. is to clarify the development, survival, reproduction and predatory ability of the big grass flies with pea tail aphid Megoura japonica Matsumura as prey. In this paper, the life table and predation rate of the big grass flies were studied by age - age amphoteric life table method. In the condition of 25 degree C and photoperiod 15L:9D, the female The fecundity of the adult was 683.66 grains per individual, the intrinsic growth rate of the population, the cycle limit growth rate, the net growth rate and the average generation cycle were 0.1247 d-1,1.133 d-1333.64 particles / individuals and 46.52 D, respectively, and the average predation rate of the larva, female adult and male adult were 145.25 head per body, 1192.47 head / individual and 669.08 head / individual respectively. The net predation rate of the individual was 1026.97 head per individual, and the conversion rate from the prey population to the predator was 3.08, and the stable predation rate and the circumferential predation rate of the population were 5.49 / 5.49 and 6.22. The aphis pea can be used as one of the preys of artificial reproduction of the chryfly species in.2. indoor. The diapause and pupae period after diapause were observed at different temperatures (22 C, 25 C and different low temperatures) and the photoperiod (15L:9D and 9L:15D), the survival rate of pupae, the life of adult worms, the adult life, the preoviposition and the oviposition amount of the single female. Under the photoperiod, it was found that under the photoperiod 15L:9D and 9L:15D, the pre pupae period (50.09 D and 49.47 D respectively) under 25 degree C was significantly shorter than 22 C (80.80 D and 82.20 D respectively), which significantly extended the pre pupae period (P 0.01) of the chryfly (P 0.01), and narrowed the individual difference in the pre pupae period. After 2 h or 4 h, the prepupae period was shortened in varying degrees, and most of the treatments had significant differences. Further exploring the sensitive period of the pre pupae to the low temperature, it was found that the pre pupae of the cocoon 1 D, 5 D and 10 d of the diapause of the chryfly was significantly shortened after the -5 degree C/4h treatment, while the cocoon 20 D, 30 d, 40 d and 50 d were prepupae and the pair. Compared with non diapause.22 C, the survival rate of pre pupae after diapause was significantly lower than that of non diapause pre pupae, the pupal period and preoviposition was significantly prolonged, the life span of female adult was significantly shortened, the adult fresh weight and the single female oviposition amount decreased significantly.22 C, and the diapause duration of the big grass flies under the photoperiod 15L:9D was 50 d~170d, and it could affect the post diapause hair. Breeding: with the prolongation of diapause duration, the pupal period gradually extended, the fresh weight of female and male adult gradually decreased, the longevity of male adult was prolonged and then shortened, the survival rate of the pupae, the life span of female adult, and the number of egg laying in pre oviposition and single female had no significant difference. The results showed that, under test conditions, two kinds of photoperiod were relieved and diapause after diapause. Development and reproduction have no obvious influence, and temperature is an important factor that regulates diapause development and reproduction. Higher temperature can promote diapause. Low temperature treatment can synchronize the diapause development of the population at 5 C long. The low temperature treatment of -1 [C~-10] C at low temperature can promote the hysteretic release of grass flies, and the sensitive period is the cocoon 1 d~10 D. big Chrysler. Diapause has a reproductive cost, and the duration of diapause affects the partial biological characteristics of diapause after the diapause. The effects of fluctuating temperature on the growth and reproduction of the wild flies and their prey - pea aphids and soybean aphids are studied by the effects of.3. at indoor temperature (22 C) and the simulated average temperature (22 + 3 / C and 22 + 5 C). Compared with the temperature 22 C, the life expectancy of adult adult and male adults did not change obviously under the condition of 22 + 3 C. The prophase of adult adult was significantly prolonged under the 22 + 5 C condition, and the longevity of female and male adult was significantly shortened, but the fecundity and intrinsic growth rate of the male adults were not significantly changed under 3 temperature conditions. The long rate decreased significantly under the conditions of 22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 degrees C, while the population of the soybean aphid was the opposite. The study of the cold tolerance of the non diapause pupae of the chryfly was found, and 3 kinds of fluctuation temperatures (22 + 3 [C, 22 + 5 [C and 22 + C]) were found, and the fresh weight of cocoon, fresh weight and the water content decreased with the increase of amplitude. With the increase of amplitude, the protein content of the non diapause pre pupae in.22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 degree C was increased, the soluble sugar content and the activity of alginate enzyme were lower than 22 degrees C, and the trehalose content was opposite. The results showed that the influence of the fluctuation temperature on the chryfly and its prey was different because of the 2 fluctuation temperature conditions on the population growth of the chryfly. The rate had no obvious effect, but 22 + 5 C and 22 + 7 C significantly enhanced the cold resistance of the non diapause pupae, 22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 C were unfavorable to the growth and reproduction of the pea aphid, but it was beneficial to the growth of the population of the bean aphid. The life table data of this study can provide data support for large-scale propagation of natural enemy insects and field pest management.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S476.2

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