沙棘林栎黄枯叶蛾对不同树种的选择与适应性

发布时间：2018-06-16 23:53

本文选题：栎黄枯叶蛾 + 幼虫　；参考：《北京林业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：陕西吴起县是我国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)的主要种植区域,栎黄枯叶蛾(Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang)是沙棘的重要食叶害虫之一。本研究以栎黄枯叶蛾对该地区沙棘林中6种主要树种的取食选择性为切入点,利用光谱学技术,探讨了幼虫对寄主植物的选择偏好性的理化因素；同时,采用室内单头饲养方法,研究了不同树种对栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响；测定不同寄主叶片中的内含物,分析了叶片营养物质、次生物质与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育和繁殖的关系；结合栎黄枯叶蛾取食不同寄主后的生物学指标,综合评价栎黄枯叶蛾对不同树种的适应性；对栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫转主危害后的营养效应及其体内8种酶活性的变化规律进行了系统研究,明确了栎黄枯叶对不同寄主植物产生适应性的内在因素,肯定了幼虫转移寄主危害后其体内酶系的变化是幼虫取食范围扩大的原因之一。主要结论如下：1、明确了栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫具有主动取食选择寄主树种的能力。测定了栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫对不同树种的取食选择偏好性,由强到弱的顺序是：沙棘山杏山杨、旱柳柠条、刺槐。进一步测定了具有不同取食经历和不同饥饿程度的幼虫对沙棘、山杏、山杨、旱柳、柠条和刺槐的取食选择偏好性,阐明了幼虫的取食经历及饥饿程度与栎黄枯叶蛾的取食选择偏好性无关。在此基础上,研究了栎黄枯叶蛾成虫产卵选择与幼虫取食选择偏好之间的关系,成虫在沙棘、山杏、山杨和旱柳上的产卵喜好差异不显著,说明幼虫的取食选择与成虫的产卵选择关联不大。2、阐明了6种树种叶片理化特性对栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫取食偏好性的影响。分析了6种树种叶片傅立叶变换红外光谱谱图的差异,6种树种间特征吸收峰的位置、数目及形状上基本相似；进一步对傅立叶变换红外光谱谱图吸光度比率进行对比后,明确了植物叶片中脂类和多糖的含量是影响幼虫取食偏好的关键因素；通过X射线衍射检测,证实了6种树种叶片结晶度存在差异,且幼虫偏好取食结晶度低的树种。3、明确了栎黄枯叶蛾具有较强的适应性,除沙棘外,山杏、山杨和旱柳也是栎黄枯叶蛾的寄主,而柠条和刺槐不是寄主。取食4种寄主后对栎黄枯叶蛾的生长发育和繁殖具有显著的影响：首先,整个幼虫期,取食沙棘和山杏的幼虫体重随取食时间的延长,显著高于取山杨和旱柳的幼虫体重,且取食沙棘的幼虫死亡率最低；其次,取食沙棘的幼虫与取食山杨、旱柳的幼虫相比,以较短的发育历期获得较重的雌、雄蛹重；第三,取食沙棘的成虫产卵量显著高于取食其它3种寄主,而取食山杏的产卵量显著高于取食山杨和旱柳的。综合幼虫生长发育及繁殖的各项指标,明确了沙棘是栎黄枯叶蛾最适宜的寄主,其次是山杏,山杨和旱柳是最不适宜的寄主。4、揭示了4种寄主叶片营养物质和次生物质与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育的关系。较低的可溶性糖、单宁和较高的含水量、可溶性蛋白质,有利于栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育。其中,可溶性蛋白质含量是影响幼虫发育历期的主要因素；而单宁含量是影响蛹历期的主要因素,且单宁含量越高,蛹历期越长；寄主植物叶片水分含量是影响蛹重及成虫重的主要因素,且随含水量的增加,雌、雄蛹及成虫越重。5、明确了取食沙棘的幼虫营养效应最佳,表现在食物转化率、食物利用率及近似消化率均较高；取食山杏的幼虫,食物转化率和食物利用率较高,近似消化率最低,但其相对取食量最高而弥补了其近似消化率低的不足；而取食山杨和旱柳的幼虫,因其对寄主的相对取食量均较低,而无法用最高的近似消化率或最高的食物转化率予以补偿,最终导致取食山杨和旱柳的幼虫相对生长速率最低而成为栎黄枯叶蛾适应性最差的寄主植物。6、解毒酶和消化酶活性的变化揭示了栎黄枯叶蛾转移寄主后的生理适应性。寄主由沙棘转移至山杏、山杨和旱柳后,幼虫体内谷光苷肽转移酶活力的变化呈先增加再降低的趋势,取食山杏12h后酶活力达最大值,取食山杨和旱柳36h后酶活力达最大值；取食沙棘的幼虫乙酰胆碱酯酶活力呈缓慢下降的趋势,但寄主转移至山杏12h酶活力增加至最大值,转移至山杨和旱柳24h时酶活力达最大值,48h后乙酰胆碱酯酶活力已不具有显著差异,说明幼虫需经过一定时间后才能适应新寄主。从幼虫消化酶活性变化分析,与沙棘相比,寄主转移至山杏、山杨和旱柳初期胃蛋白酶活力受到抑制,再逐渐增加其胃蛋白酶活性,最后在取食48h后胃蛋白酶活性相对稳定,但仍高于取食沙棘的酶活；寄主转移至山杏和山杨后幼虫淀粉酶活性随时间变化不显著,取食旱柳初期淀粉酶活性迅速增加,之后随取食时间的延长逐渐降低；与取食沙棘的相比,寄主转移至山杏、山杨和旱柳后幼虫体内脂肪酶活性变化不显著,说明转移寄主后幼虫体内蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性的变化,与相应寄主叶片中蛋白质和糖含量的变化有关,从而对不同树种产生不同适应性。7、观察了栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫触角、下颚须及下唇须上感受器的类型及超微结构,并与其它鳞翅目幼虫感受器进行比较,结果表明,与栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫取食相关的化学感受器在分布、数量和形态上类似。栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫触角上有2个毛状感受器、1个栓状感受器和5个锥状感受器；口器跗肢下颚须上有8个锥形感受器,外颚叶上有2个栓锥形感受器,4个毛形感受器；下唇须上刺形感受器和栓锥形感受器各1个
[Abstract]:Shaanxi Wuqi county is the main planting area of Hippophae rhamnoides in China, and the Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang is one of the important leaf pests of Hippophae rhamnoides. In this study, the selection of the 6 main tree species in the seabuckthorn forest in this area was selected as the breakthrough point. At the same time, the effects of different tree species on the growth and reproduction of leaf moth of oak leaf moth were studied by single head feeding, and the contents in the leaves of different host plants were measured. The relationship between leaf nutrition, secondary biomass and the growth and reproduction of leaf moth of oak leaf moth was analyzed. The biological indexes of the leaf moth after feeding different hosts, and comprehensive evaluation of the adaptability of the leaf moth of the leaf moth, the nutrition effect and the changes of the 8 enzyme activities in the body of the larvae of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth were systematically studied, and the intrinsic factors for the adaptability of the leaf of the oak yellow leaf to the host plant were clarified. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the main conclusions are as follows: 1, it is clear that the larva of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of oak yellow leaf moth has the ability to choose the host species actively. The selection preference of the larva of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth is determined from strong to weak. The selection preference of larva with different feeding experiences and different starvation levels on Seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar, Salix, Caragana and Robinia pseudoacacia was further measured, and the feeding experience of larva and the degree of starvation were not related to the preference preference of the selection of eating moth. The relationship between the selection of oviposition selection and the selection preference of the larvae of the adult leaf moth of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth, the difference in the egg laying preference of adult in seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar and dry willow was not significant, indicating that the selection of feeding selection of the larvae was not.2, and the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the leaves of the 6 species on the eating deviation of the larvae of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of oak was clarified. The difference between the Fu Liye transform infrared spectra of 6 species of tree species was analyzed. The position, number and shape of the characteristic absorption peaks of the 6 species were basically similar. After comparing the absorbance ratio of the Fu Liye transform infrared spectrum, the contents of lipids and polysaccharides in the leaves of the plants were the key factors affecting the feeding preference of the larvae. Key factors; through X ray diffraction test, it was confirmed that the leaf crystallinity of the 6 species was different, and the larvae preferred to eat the tree species.3 with low crystallinity. It was clear that the oak leaf moth had strong adaptability. In addition to seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar and dry willow were also the master of oak yellow leaf moth, while Caragana and Robinia were not host. After feeding 4 hosts, In the whole larval period, the body weight of the larvae of seabuckthorn and apricot was significantly higher than that of the larvae of poplar and willow, and the larval mortality of seabuckthorn was the lowest. Second, the larvae of seabuckthorn and the larvae of poplar and willow. In a shorter developmental period, the heavier female and male pupae were gained, and third, the amount of spawning of adults feeding on Seabuckthorn was significantly higher than that of the other 3 hosts, while the amount of spawning of apricot was significantly higher than that of poplar and willow. Apricot, poplar and dry willow were the most unsuitable host.4, which revealed the relationship between the nutrients and secondary biomass of 4 host leaves and the growth and development of leaf moth. Lower soluble sugar, tannin, high water content and soluble protein, which were beneficial to the growth of leaf moth of the leaf moth. The content of tannin is the main factor affecting the period of the pupae, and the higher the tannin content, the longer the chrysalis period, the water content in the leaves of the host plant is the main factor affecting the pupae weight and the adult weight. With the increase of water content, the female, male pupae and adult heavier.5, clearly the best nutrition effect of the larvae feeding on the Seabuckthorn. The food conversion rate, the food utilization rate and the approximate digestibility are higher now. The larvae of apricot are high in food conversion rate and food utilization rate, and the approximate digestibility is the lowest, but the relative intake amount is the highest and it makes up for the low approximate digestibility, while the larvae feeding on Poplar and dry willow are relatively low on the relative intake of the host. It is impossible to compensate for the highest rate of approximate digestibility or the highest conversion rate of food, which eventually leads to the lowest relative growth rate of the larvae of poplar and willow, and is the worst host plant.6. The changes in detoxification enzyme and digestive enzyme activity reveal the physiological adaptability of the transfer host of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth. After the transfer of seabuckthorn to apricot, poplar and dry willow, the activity of the cereal peptide transferase in the larvae increased first and then decreased. After eating apricot 12h, the enzyme activity reached the maximum value, and the activity of the enzyme was maximum after feeding on poplar and 36h, and the acetylcholine esterase activity of the larvae feeding on Hippophae rhamnoides showed a slow decline, but the host was transferred. The activity of 12h enzyme in apricot was increased to maximum value, and the enzyme activity was maximum when transferred to poplar and dry willow 24h. The activity of acetylcholinesterase after 48h had no significant difference, indicating that the larvae needed to adapt to the new host after a certain time. The activity of pepsin was inhibited and the activity of pepsin increased gradually. At last, the activity of pepsin was relatively stable after feeding 48h, but it was still higher than the enzyme activity of eating Seabuckthorn. The amylase activity of the larvae was not significantly changed after the host was transferred to apricot and poplar, and the amylase activity in the early stage of dryland willow increased rapidly, followed by the increase of amylase activity. The change of the lipase activity in the larvae of apricot, poplar and willow was not significant, which showed that the changes in the activity of protease and amylase in the larvae of the host were related to the changes in the content of protein and sugar in the leaves of the host. Different adaptable.7, the type and ultrastructure of the larval antennae, the lower jaw and the lower lip of the leaf moth were observed and compared with the other Lepidoptera larval receptors. The results showed that the number and morphology of the chemoreceptor related to the feeding of the larvae of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth were similar. The larvae of the leaf moth of the leaf moth were 2 on the antennae. A hair shaped receptor, 1 suppository receptors and 5 cone receptors; the jaws of the mouthpiece have 8 conical receptors on the jaws, 2 cone-shaped receptors on the outer jaw, 4 hair receptors, 1 of the upper lip and taper receptors on the lower lip.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S763

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