草地螟对温湿度变异的适应与反应

发布时间：2018-07-09 15:45

本文选题：草地螟 + 温湿度　；参考：《中国农业科学院》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.(鳞翅目:野螟科)在我国主要分布于华北、东北和西北(三北)地区,1949年以来已3次26年暴发成灾,曾造成巨大的经济损失,是当地农牧业生产的重大害虫。为了阐明草地螟的发生危害规律,改善和提高草地螟的预测和控制技术水平,减少草地螟的灾害损失提供实验依据,本文针对草地螟已有研究中存在的关键问题,运用生理生态相结合的原理,室内外相结合的方法,以及现代研究技术如地理信息系统(GIS),最大熵(Maxent)模型的应用,研究了温湿度对草地螟生长发育、存活、迁飞和生殖的影响作用,揭示了温湿条件与草地螟田间种群动态规律和暴发成灾的关系,预测了我国未来草地螟的发生危害趋势。获得了一些原创性结果,主要的为:1、研究明确了温湿度对草地螟卵和幼虫存活的、幼虫所经历的温湿度条件对飞行和生殖的,以及幼虫和成虫期同一温湿度条件下饲养的草地螟的相关生命表参数的影响。通过对4个温度(18、22、26及30℃)和5个湿度(20%、40%、60%、80%及100%)组合条件下草地螟卵和幼虫存活率、以及由经不同温湿度处理的幼虫所羽化成虫体重、飞行与生殖等指标的研究,发现:1)温湿度对卵、1~2龄和整个幼虫期的存活率均有显著的影响,而对3~4龄幼虫的存活影响不显著。5龄幼虫仅受湿度的影响,而不受温度的影响。其中以22℃和60%~80%RH条件下的存活率最高,30℃和20%RH条件下的最低。另外,幼虫发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,受温度的影响显著,但不受湿度的影响。2)幼虫经不同温湿度处理后的虫茧历期和成虫体重差异显著。其中发育历期随温湿度的增加而缩短,而成虫体重则随温湿度的增加而下降。成虫飞行及生殖能力与其幼虫所经历的温湿条件密切相关。其中生殖能力以22℃和60%~80%RH条件下的最强,主要表现为产卵前期短,产卵量大,而以30℃条件下的最差。但是,飞行能力则以18℃和20%~40%RH条件下的最强。这些结果表明幼虫期温湿度不仅会影响草地螟幼虫的存活与发育而且还会影响到成虫的迁飞和生殖。3)在研究明确了以不同温湿条件下饲养的草地螟在发育、存活以及生殖能力差异的同时,揭示了幼虫和成虫期均在同一个不同温湿条件下主要生命表参数的变异。其中净增长率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)均以22~26℃,60%~80%RH条件下的最大,而平均世代周期(GT)和种群倍增时间(DT)也以22~26℃,60%~80%RH条件下的最短。2、研究明确了成虫所处温湿条件对草地螟迁飞和生殖的影响作用。应用上述温湿条件对同一环境条件饲养出来的成虫飞行和生殖能力进行研究的结果表明:1)飞行温湿条件对成虫的飞行能力有显著的影响,应用吊飞测试系统进行测试的结果表明,在18~22℃,60%~80%RH条件下成虫的飞行能力最强,而在其他温湿条件下,成虫的飞行能力较弱。另外,在最适宜的温湿条件下,成虫飞行后的能源物质含量稍低,体重消耗最小,能源物质利用效率最高。最后,飞行后的成虫生殖能力与对照的没有显著差异。但是,应用昆虫自主飞行系统对成虫飞行活动测定所得的结果则有所不同,成虫在22℃和60%~80%RH条件下的飞行活动较少,而在其他温湿条件下较多。这些结果为继续阐明草地螟的迁飞行为规律提供了重要的实验依据。2)成虫所处的温湿条件对成虫的产卵前期、交配次数、产卵量、成虫寿命以及卵孵化率也有显著的影响。其中生殖能力和孵化率以22℃,60%~80%RH条件下的最高,在其他温湿条件下的较低。另外,成虫寿命在低温条件下较长,高温条件下较短。3、研究明确了温湿度是影响草地螟田间种群动态规律及暴发成灾的关键环境因子。1)通过对国内田间60起迁出和136起迁入事件的发生与温湿条件进行分析的结果表明:成虫迁出日的温度仅有5%处在21~23℃,而成虫迁入地这一比率为35.35%,两者差异显著,其他不利于草地螟生殖的因子迁出事件较迁入多,这可能是草地螟种群迁出的原因。2)研究确定了越冬虫源存活的适宜温湿条件,比较了山西大同、内蒙古四子王旗和河北康保三地草地螟大发生周期与间歇周期之间越冬期间的温湿条件,发现大发生周期内有利于幼虫越冬的温湿条件显著优于间歇周期的。3)通过对康保30年田间1代幼虫发生程度与越冬代成虫发生期期间的温湿度或降雨量的关系分析,发现蛾峰期7天内的温湿条件与幼虫发生程度显著相关:在成虫发生量相似的条件下,满足气温21~23℃,湿度40%~80%的天数越多,当地幼虫的危害程度越重。4)通过分析2008年8月一代成虫、二代幼虫的发生分布与同期温湿度环境的分布特征表明:一代成虫与二代幼虫主要分布在温度为18~26℃,相对湿度40%的区域,其中,相对湿度60%~80%的区域最为密集。成虫、幼虫的分布都为聚集型。5)2009年我国一代幼虫的发生危害面积(400万公顷)远远低于越冬虫源面积(1600万公顷),比例严重失调。究其原因,主要的是:越冬幼虫发育期间(4月)温度的升高,促使成虫提前羽化;成虫盛发期间温湿条件明显降低,抑制了成虫起飞和生殖等活动的发生。4、根据上述研究结果和全球气候变化数据,应用Maxent模型预测了我国未来草地螟越冬场所的变化规律。为了阐明全球气候变化条件下我国草地螟越冬区的变化规律,本文以1949年以来我国草地螟越冬场所为基础,结合政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第五次评估报告发布的BCC-CSM1.1气候模式数据的应用,采用Maxent模型预测了4种(RCP 2.6,4.5,6.0和8.5)气候变化情景下2050s及2070s年代我国草地螟越冬区的变化趋势。所得的主要结果为:1)训练数据集和测试数据集的AUC值分别为0.989和0.987,表明模型的预测效果很好。2)经Jackknife方法检验,降雨量变化方差Bio15是最重要的变量,最湿月份降雨量Bio13次之,最后为10月份降水量prec_10及年温变化范围Bio7。这些环境变量对模型的贡献率最大均超过10%,因而是模型构建最重要的环境变量。3)在各种气候变化条件下,到2050s及2070s年代,我国草地螟的越冬区的面积和位置相对于当前都有不同程度的扩大和北移。其中最适越冬区面积为当前的1.41-2.94倍,其质心位置向北移动78.79~226.97 km。这些结果表明,我国未来草地螟越冬场所不仅面积将会扩大,而且位置还会北移。本文的创新点主要体现于:1)研究揭示了不同温湿条件对草地螟卵和幼虫存活及幼虫发育的影响作用,明确了经不同温湿条件处理的幼虫对其成虫迁飞和生殖能力的调控作用,以及幼虫和成虫均在同一不同温湿条件下饲养的草地螟主要生命表参数的变异;2)研究揭示了温湿条件对成虫飞行和生殖的影响作用,明确了成虫飞行与生殖的最适温湿条件,区分了成虫自主飞行与被动(吊飞)飞行的最适温湿条件;3)通过对田间温湿条件与越冬虫源存活、迁出迁入、成虫发生量以及幼虫发生危害程度的研究分析,明确了温湿度是影响草地螟田间种群动态规律及暴发成灾的关键环境因子;4)运用Maxent模型预测了我国2050s及2070s年代草地螟越冬区的变化情况。所得结果为深化草地螟迁飞行为及种群动态规律的研究,改善和提高草地螟监测预报技术提供了重要的实验依据。
[Abstract]:The Loxostege sticticalis L. of the meadow borer (Lepidoptera: Lepidoptera: Wild borer) is mainly distributed in North China, northeast and Northwest (three North) areas. Since 1949, it has occurred 3 times in 26 years. It has caused huge economic losses and was a major pest in the local agriculture and animal husbandry. The test and control technical level to reduce the loss of grassland borer provides experimental basis. This paper aims at the key problems in the study of grassland borer. Using the principle of combining physiology and ecology, the method of combining indoor and external phase, and the application of modern research technology such as GIS, Maxent model, the temperature and humidity are studied. The influence of the growth, survival, migration and reproduction of the meadow borer, revealed the relationship between the temperature and humidity conditions and the dynamic law of the field population of the grassland borer, and predicted the trend of the occurrence and harm of the future grassland borer in China. Some original results were obtained: 1, the study made clear the survival of the eggs and larvae of the meadow borer. The effects of temperature and humidity conditions on flight and reproduction, as well as the related life table parameters of the meadow borer raised under the same temperature and humidity conditions in the larva and adult stage. The survival rate of the eggs and larvae of the meadow borer under the conditions of 4 temperatures (18,22,26 and 30 degrees C) and 5 humidity (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%), and the differences in the survival rate of the egg and larva under the conditions of different temperatures (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Study on the body weight, flight and reproduction of the larvae of the larvae treated by temperature and humidity, found that: 1) temperature and humidity have a significant influence on the survival rate of the egg, 1~2 age and the whole larval stage, but the effect on the survival of the 3~4 larvae is not significantly affected by the humidity, and is not affected by the temperature. Under the conditions of 22 and 60%~80%RH, it is not affected by the temperature. The survival rate was the highest, the lowest under the conditions of 30 and 20%RH. In addition, the larval development period shortened with the increase of temperature, influenced significantly by temperature, but not affected by humidity, the larvae of the larvae were significantly different in the cocoon calendar period and the adult body weight. The growth period was shortened with the increase of temperature and humidity, and the adult body weight was the.2. The flying and reproductive capacity of the adult was closely related to the temperature and humidity conditions experienced by the larvae. Among them, the reproductive capacity was the strongest under the conditions of 22 and 60%~80%RH, mainly characterized by short pre oviposition, large spawning and worst at 30 C, but the ability to fly was the strongest under the condition of 18 and 20%~40%RH. These results show that the temperature and humidity in the larval stage not only affect the survival and development of the larva of the meadow borer, but also affect the migration and reproduction of the adult.3). It is clear that the growth, survival and reproductive capacity of the meadow borer in different temperature and humidity conditions have revealed that both the larvae and the adult stage are in the same wet wet strip. The net growth rate (R0), the intrinsic growth rate (RM) and the circumferential growth rate ([lambda]) were both at 22~26 and 60%~80%RH, while the average generation period (GT) and the population multiplication time (DT) were also the shortest.2 under the 22~26 and 60%~80%RH conditions. The study clearly showed that the temperature and humidity conditions of the adults were migrating to the meadow borer. The results of the study on the flying and reproductive ability of adults fed on the same environmental conditions by using the above temperature and humidity conditions showed that: 1) the flight temperature and humidity conditions had a significant influence on the flying ability of the adults. The results of the test by using the flying test system showed that the flight of adults under the condition of 18~22, 60%~80%RH and the flying test system was shown. In other warm and wet conditions, the ability of the adult is weak. In addition, under the most suitable temperature and humidity conditions, the energy material content of the adult is slightly lower, the weight consumption is the smallest, the energy material utilization efficiency is the highest. Finally, the reproductive ability of the adult after flying is not significantly different from that of the control. The results of the measurement of adult flight activities were different. The flight activity of adults at 22 and 60%~80%RH was less, but under the other temperature and humidity conditions. These results provided an important experimental basis for further clarifying the migratory behavior of meadow borer (.2). The number of mating, the amount of eggs, the life span of the adult and the hatching rate of eggs also had a significant effect. The reproductive capacity and hatchability were highest under the conditions of 22, 60%~80%RH, and under the other temperature and humidity conditions. In addition, the life span of the adult was longer under the low temperature condition and the high temperature was shorter than.3. The study clearly indicated that the temperature and humidity were the effects on the field population of the grassland borer. The dynamic law and the key environmental factor of the outbreak of disaster.1) through the analysis of the occurrence of 60 migrated and 136 migrated events in the field and the temperature and humidity conditions, the results showed that the temperature of the adult migrated day was only 5% at 21~23 C, and the rate of adult migrated to the land was 35.35%, the two difference was significant, and the other factors were not conducive to the reproduction of the grassland borer. The reasons for the migration of the subpopulation, which may be the cause of the migration of the meadow borer,.2), determine the suitable temperature and humidity conditions for the survival of the more winter insects, and compare the temperature and humidity conditions between the Shanxi Datong, Siziwangqi and Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. The temperature and humidity conditions of the larvae overwintered significantly better than that of.3 in the intermittent period. By analyzing the relationship between the degree of the occurrence of the 1 generation larvae in the 30 years of Kangbao and the temperature and humidity or rainfall during the period of the generation of the overwintering generation, it was found that the temperature and humidity conditions in the 7 days of the moth peak period were significantly related to the degree of larval occurrence: under the condition of similar occurrence of adults, the temperature was 2. 1~23 C, the more days of humidity 40%~80%, the greater the degree of damage to the local larvae.4), the distribution of the two generation larvae and the distribution characteristics of the temperature and humidity environment of the two generation larvae showed that the first generation of adult and two generation larvae mainly distributed in the region of the temperature of 18~26 C and the relative humidity of 40%, of which the relative humidity 60%~80% was in the region. The distribution of the adults and larvae is the aggregation type.5). The damage area of the first generation larvae of our country (4 million ha) in 2009 is far below the area (16 million ha) of the overwintering insect source (16 million ha), and the proportion is serious. The main reason is that the temperature rise during the development of the overwintering larvae (April), the early emergence of the adult and the temperature of the adult hair. According to the results of the study and the global climate change data, the Maxent model was used to predict the changing rules of the overwintering places in the future of China. In order to clarify the changing rules of the overwintering area of the grass borer in China under global climate change, this paper will take 1949 as a result, according to the results of the study and the data of global climate change. Based on the overwintering site of the grassland borer in China and the application of the BCC-CSM1.1 climate model data issued by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC), the change trend of the overwintering area of the grassland borer in the 2050s and 2070s years of China under the climate change scenarios of 4 (RCP 2.6,4.5,6.0 and 8.5) was predicted by the Maxent model. The main results are as follows: 1) the AUC values of the training data set and the test data set are 0.989 and 0.987 respectively, indicating that the prediction effect of the model is very good.2). The rainfall variation variance Bio15 is the most important variable through the Jackknife method. The rainfall of the wettest month is Bio13 times, and the precipitation in October is prec_10 and the annual temperature range Bio7. these environment changes. The largest contribution rate of the model to the model is more than 10%, so it is the most important environmental variable.3 for model construction. Under various climatic conditions, the area and location of the overwintering area of the grassland borer in China are extended and North moved to the north in the years of 2050s and 2070s. The area of the most suitable overwintering area is 1.41-2.94 times that of the present. The position of the center of mass moved northward to 78.79~226.97 km.. The results showed that the area of the future grass borer overwintering in China will not only expand, but also move northward. The innovation of this paper mainly manifests in: 1) the study reveals the effects of different temperature and humidity conditions on the survival of the eggs and larvae of the meadow borer and the development of the larvae, and the different temperature wet strips have been clarified. The regulation of the larvae to the migratory and reproductive ability of the adult worms, and the variation of the main life table parameters of the larvae and adults under the same temperature and humidity conditions; 2) the study revealed the effects of temperature and humidity on the flight and reproduction of the adult and the optimum temperature and humidity conditions of the adult's flight and reproduction. The optimum temperature and humidity conditions for the autonomous and passive flight of adults; 3) through the study and analysis of the temperature and humidity conditions in the field and the survival of the more winter insect source, the migration and migration, the occurrence of the adult and the degree of the harm of the larvae, it is clear that the temperature and humidity are the key environmental factors affecting the dynamic law of the field population of the grassland borer and the outbreak of the disaster. (4) the use of Max The ENT model predicted the changes in the overwintering area of the grassland borer in 2050s and 2070s years in China, and the results provided an important experimental basis for the study of the migration of the meadow borer and the dynamics of the population, and the improvement and improvement of the monitoring and forecasting techniques for the grassland borer.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S433

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