京郊设施黄瓜水氮损失定量评价和水肥管理优化

发布时间：2018-08-12 17:39

【摘要】：北京市蔬菜种植面积高达6.2万公顷,一半以上的种植区域采用传统的水肥管理模式,优化水肥管理对京郊蔬菜种植有重要意义。因此,本研究的主要目的利用EU-Rotate_N模型分析对京郊地区不同水肥管理下设施黄瓜地的氮素损失和氮素利用效率进行定量化分析,通过情景模拟分析并结合密切值法对水、氮情景输出结果进行综合评价,得到最佳的水、氮管理措施。本研究的田间实验位于北京市房山区窦店镇,共设置4个水肥处理：畦灌+传统施肥(FP),滴灌+传统施肥(FPD),畦灌+优化施肥(OPT)和滴灌+优化施肥(OPTD)。主要研究结果如下：(1)利用田间数据对模型校验的结果显示,土壤体积含水量、硝态氮含量、蔬菜产量的模拟值与实测值间的均方根误差RMSE,模型效率系数E、一致性指数d值、偏差百分比PBLAS和相关系数均表明EU-Rotate_N模型能够较准确的模拟本研究的田间土壤水、氮动态及蔬菜产量等性状。因此,校验过的模型可以用来分析本研究中不同水肥处理下的水氮去向及其利用效率。(2)与FP相比,FPD、OPT和OPTD处理下黄瓜产量没有显著的变化。模型模拟结果表明：土壤水分渗漏和硝酸盐是高度耦合的,主要发生在灌水和施肥以后。与畦灌处理比较,滴灌使水分渗漏降低了74-77%,水分利用效率增加21-29%。优化施肥对水分渗漏没有显著作用。另外,与畦灌处理比较,滴灌使硝酸盐淋洗量降低了69-82%。优化施肥量使硝酸盐淋洗量降低了12-49%。但是,滴灌处理下黄瓜季后大量的氮素残留在0-90cm土体内。滴灌处理下氮素残留量是畦灌处理的5倍左右。优化灌水和施肥量使氮素利用效率分别提高了42-47%和13-21%。四个处理下,OPTD处理的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率最高,分别为48.4 kg m-3和185 kg kg-1。(3)利用EU-Rotate_N模型对畦灌和滴灌处理下共480个水、氮情景模拟分析表明,仅考虑黄瓜产量时,两种灌溉模式下最佳的水、氮投入量基本相同,分别为277mm和310 kg N ha-1。但通过密切值方法,综合评价各情景模式的农学效应、经济效应和环境效应后,畦灌和滴灌处理下最佳的水、氮投入量分别为：畦灌300 mm+氮肥300 kg N ha-1。滴灌250mm+氮肥300 kg N ha-1。
[Abstract]:The planting area of vegetables in Beijing is as high as 62000 hectares. More than half of the planting areas adopt the traditional water and fertilizer management mode. It is of great significance to optimize the water and fertilizer management for vegetable planting in the suburbs of Beijing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the nitrogen loss and nitrogen use efficiency of greenhouse cucumber land under different water and fertilizer management in the suburb of Beijing by using EU-Rotate_N model, and to analyze the water by scenario simulation analysis combined with close value method. The output results of nitrogen scenarios were evaluated synthetically and the best water and nitrogen management measures were obtained. The field experiment was conducted in Dou Dian Town, Fangshan District, Beijing. Four water and fertilizer treatments were set up: border irrigation, traditional fertilization, (FP), traditional fertilization, (FPD), border irrigation, optimized fertilization, (OPT), and drip irrigation, optimized fertilization, (OPTD). The main results are as follows: (1) using field data to verify the model, the results show that the root mean square error (RMSE), the model efficiency coefficient (E), the consistency index (d) between the simulated value of vegetable yield and the measured value, the soil volume water content, the nitrate nitrogen content, the simulated value of vegetable yield and the measured value. The deviation percentage PBLAS and correlation coefficient showed that the EU-Rotate_N model could accurately simulate the field soil water, nitrogen dynamics and vegetable yield. Therefore, the verified model can be used to analyze the water and nitrogen fate and utilization efficiency under different water and fertilizer treatments in this study. (2) there was no significant change in cucumber yield under FPDOPT and OPTD treatments compared with FP. The simulation results show that soil water leakage and nitrate are highly coupled, mainly after irrigation and fertilization. Compared with border irrigation, drip irrigation reduced water leakage by 74-7775 and increased water use efficiency by 21-29%. Optimal fertilization has no significant effect on water leakage. In addition, compared with border irrigation, drip irrigation reduced nitrate leaching by 69-822%. The optimized fertilization reduced the nitrate leaching amount by 12-49. However, a large amount of nitrogen remained in 0-90cm soil after drip irrigation. Nitrogen residue in drip irrigation was about 5 times higher than that in border irrigation. Optimization of irrigation and fertilization increased N use efficiency by 42-47% and 13-21% respectively. The water use efficiency (Wue) and nitrogen use efficiency (Nue) of the four treatments were 48.4 kg m -3 and 185 kg 路g -1, respectively. (3) A total of 480 water was treated with EU-Rotate_N model under border irrigation and drip irrigation. The nitrogen scenario simulation analysis showed that only cucumber yield was considered. Under the two irrigation modes, the nitrogen input was basically the same, which was 277mm and 310kg / nha-1, respectively. However, the optimal water and nitrogen inputs under border irrigation and drip irrigation were 300mm N fertilizer 300kg Nha-1, respectively, after comprehensive evaluation of agronomic effects, economic effects and environmental effects of each scenario model by the method of close value, and the optimal amount of water and nitrogen input under border irrigation and drip irrigation treatment was 300kg Nha-1, respectively. Drip irrigation with 250mm nitrogen fertilizer 300kg N ha-1.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士后
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S626;S642.2

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