亚布力国家森林公园森林景观格局分析及生态评价

发布时间：2018-09-13 14:56

【摘要】：景观格局分析及其生态评价是景观生态学应用领域中密切联系的两个环节,是正确认识景观、有效保护和合理开发利用景观资源的前提条件。本研究以GIS技术为平台,以亚布力森林公园2014年森林资源二类调查数据和1:2.5万林相图和等高线图为基础,采用景观生态学和生态学的研究方法,结合实地调查数据对亚布力森林公园的景观格局、斑块特征、群落特征、森林生态服务功能、森林健康状况等方面进行了相关分析和评价,针对亚布力森林公园景观格局存在的问题,提出了具体优化和持续经营措施,目的是为该公园的持续经营和景观建设提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：(1)利用Fragstats景观分析软件计算、分类,并分析了景观的17个代表性指标。亚布力森林公园一级景观分成10类,森林景观(二级景观)分成18类,其中有林地景观占总面积的74.5%,控制着整个公园的景观结构和生态功能。其次是农地(1.49%)。其它景观斑块镶嵌于有林地和农地景观中。森林景观以阔叶混交林主,占有林地面积的24.76%,其次是椴树林(17.57%)和落叶松林(11.83%)。森林景观以天然次生林为主,占有林地面积的85.22%,以幼龄林景观为主,占有林地面积的48.7%。亚布力森林公园景观格局受地形因子影响明显,其中森林景观的51.46%主要分布在海拔400-600m之间,83.01%分布在25°的坡地上,85.2%分布在阴坡、半阴坡和半阳坡,阴坡最多。从整体景观要素斑块规模来看,农地景观斑块个数(NP)85,斑块平均面积(MPS)为19.4,说明农地景观斑块破碎化程度高。在森林景观中色木林景观整体性较好,斑块集中；白桦林斑块比较分散,破碎化较为严重；从斑块形状指数来看,一级景观中有林地形状指数(2.02)和斑块分维数(1.34)最大,表明有林地边缘形状曲折多变,形状复杂；二级景观中樟子松林形状指数(2.22)和分维数(1.35)最大,表明樟子松林景观类型的形状比较复杂；从景观异质性指标分析,景观类型多样,景观异质性程度相对较大,破碎化程度低；从景观要素空间相互关系分析,各景观要素总体上空间分布相对均匀,呈团聚装分布,但个别景观要素空间分布比较分散：从景观多样性来看,亚布力森林公园内各景观类型多样性指数为2.66,多样性指数低,优势类型景观明显。(2)根据群落调查数据,针叶林中落叶松具有最大的重要值(0.64)；阔叶林中阔叶混交林的重要值最大(0.72),说明落叶松林和阔叶混交林更适合于该地区的立地条件。从物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度和生态优势度来看,不同群落总体差异不大,阔叶林内物种丰富对指数、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度大于针叶林：生态优势度针叶林群落相对大于针叶林。群落生物多样性和均匀度对比分析,生态优势度与群落的多样性指数和均匀度呈一种负相关关系。(3)土壤化学分析表明,土壤有机质、全N、速效K和速效P分别介于2.12%-11.23%、0.16%-0.75%、0.87%-2.21%和0.019%-0.110%之间,土壤呈微酸性至酸性。针叶林的土壤养分含量均低于阔叶林。(4)从森林林木产值、平均生产力、固碳释氧、涵养水源、保育土壤、净化大气、生物多样性保护和森林游憩等方面对亚布力森林公园森林的生态服务功能进行评价。评价结果表明,2014年亚布力森林公园森林生态服务功能总价值为45236.6万元/a,评价指标的所占比重的大小顺序为保育土壤(32.8%)涵养水源(29.6%)森林游憩(13.8%)生物多样性保护(10.3%)净化大气(6%)木材价值(4.1%)固碳释氧(3.4%)。不同类型的林地,其生态服务功能价值差异较大,单位面积上不同林地年生态服务功能价值冷杉林最大(14.8万元/a.hm2),其次是针阔混交林(9.9万元／a.hm2),疏林地最小(2.6万元/a.hm2)。(5)选取景观结构指数、群落特征指数、抵抗力、立地条件和森林生态服务功能等5个方面26个指标建立亚布力森林公园森林景观健康评价指标体系,利用主成分分析方法,通过SPSS软件对亚布力森林公园森林景观健康进行综合评价,景观综合评价得分为0.72,说明亚布力森林公园森林景观健康程度处于亚健康的上限区域。(6)针对亚布力森林公园森林景观存在的问题及原因,提出了景观格局优化目标和原则,针对问题提出了相应的优化与持续经营措施,对有林地和农用地空间格局优化进行前后对比分析,表明优化后有林地和农用地分布格局更加合理。
[Abstract]:Landscape pattern analysis and ecological assessment are two closely related links in the field of landscape ecology application, and are the prerequisite for correct understanding of landscape, effective protection and rational utilization of landscape resources. Based on the high-line map, the landscape pattern, patch characteristics, community characteristics, forest ecological service function and forest health status of Yabuli Forest Park were analyzed and evaluated with landscape ecology and ecology research methods and field survey data. The main results are as follows: (1) Fragstats landscape analysis software was used to calculate, classify and analyze the landscape of 17 representative indicators. Aboli Forest Park landscape was divided into 10 categories, forest landscape (secondary landscape). The forest landscape was divided into 18 types, 74.5% of the total area, which controlled the landscape structure and ecological function of the park. The second was farmland (1.49%). The landscape pattern of Yabuli Forest Park was affected by the topographic factors obviously, of which 51.46% was mainly distributed between 400-600 m, 83.01% was distributed on the slope of 25 degrees, 85.2% was distributed on the shady slope, and half was affected by the topographic factors. The number of patches (NP) 85 and the average patch area (MPS) 19.4 in the whole landscape showed that the fragmentation degree of patches in the farmland landscape was high. Block shape index (2.02) and patch fractal dimension (1.34) were the largest in the first-class landscape, indicating that the shape of forest edge was tortuous and complex; the shape index (2.22) and fractal dimension (1.35) of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest were the largest in the second-class landscape, indicating that the shape of landscape type of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest was more complex; The analysis shows that landscape types are diverse, landscape heterogeneity is relatively large, fragmentation is relatively low; from the analysis of the spatial relationship of landscape elements, the spatial distribution of each landscape element is relatively uniform, clustered distribution, but the spatial distribution of individual landscape elements is relatively scattered: from the perspective of landscape diversity, the landscape types in Yabuli Forest Park The type I diversity index was 2.66, the diversity index was low, and the dominant type landscape was obvious. (2) Larix gmelinii had the largest important value (0.64) in coniferous forest and broadleaf mixed forest in broad-leaved forest, indicating that Larix gmelinii and broadleaf mixed forest were more suitable for the site conditions in this area. The species richness index, species diversity index and community evenness in broad-leaved forest were higher than those in coniferous forest. The coniferous forest community with ecological dominance was higher than that in coniferous forest. Soil chemical analysis showed that soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P were between 2.12% - 11.23%, 0.16% - 0.75%, 0.87% - 2.21% and 0.019% - 0.110% respectively, and the soil was slightly acidic to acidic. The ecological service function of forest in Yabuli Forest Park was evaluated in terms of output value, average productivity, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation, air purification, biodiversity protection and forest recreation. The proportion of soil conservation (32.8%) water conservation (29.6%) forest recreation (13.8%) biodiversity conservation (10.3%) air purification (6%) wood value (4.1%) carbon sequestration and oxygen release (3.4%). (1.48 million yuan / a.hm2), followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (99,000 yuan / a.hm2), sparse forest land (26,000 yuan / a.hm2). (5) 26 indexes of landscape structure index, community characteristic index, resistance, site conditions and forest ecological service function were selected to establish the forest landscape health evaluation index system of Yabuli Forest Park. The results showed that the forest landscape health of Yabuli Forest Park was in the upper limit of sub-health. (6) Aiming at the existing problems and reasons of forest landscape in Yabuli Forest Park, the landscape pattern optimization program was put forward. According to the criteria and principles, the corresponding optimization and sustainable management measures were put forward, and the spatial pattern optimization of woodland and agricultural land was compared and analyzed. The results showed that the optimized distribution pattern of woodland and agricultural land was more reasonable.
【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S759.91

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