增密减氮对高产夏玉米产量形成的影响及生理机制研究
发布时间：2018-10-14 09:50
【摘要】：在玉米生产中,通过设置合理的种植密度及施氮水平来增加作物产量不仅是理论研究的必要,在生产实践中也具有重要的指导意义。本研究于2013-2014年在山东农业大学试验农场和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行,选用高产夏玉米品种登海618和登海605为试验材料,设置2个种植密度67500(LD)、97500(HD)和4个施氮水平0(N0)、180(N1)、360(N2)、540(N3)kg纯氮hm~（-2）。在研究高产夏玉米产量潜力的同时,采用生理研究和差异蛋白质组学研究相结合的方式,深入探讨密植夏玉米高产的生理机制和分子机制,以期为黄淮海地区夏玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据和技术支持。主要研究结果如下:1增密减氮提高了夏玉米干物质积累量和籽粒产量增加种植密度虽降低了单株生产力、穗粒数和千粒重,但由于群体增大,籽粒产量和群体干物质积累量显著提高;减少施氮量,玉米籽粒产量、总干物质积累量、穗粒数和千粒重均先增加后降低,过高的施氮量不利于产量的形成。增加种植密度提高了各生育时期作物生长率,利于干物质的积累,为籽粒产量的形成提供了充足的物质基础。低密度下减施氮肥对产量的影响小于高密度;增加种植密度到97500株hm~（-2）,或减少氮肥使用量至180(低密度)—360(高密度)kg hm~（-2）均可达到增产效果。高密度360 kg hm~（-2）下最高产量的获得表明,增密减氮可充分发挥群体产量潜力且实现氮肥供应与作物需求之间的平衡,达到增产目的。2增密减氮协调了夏玉米的碳、氮代谢在提高种植密度的同时适当减施氮肥,利于干物质的积累和向籽粒的分配。密度和施氮量能够调控~（13）C同化物由营养器官向籽粒的转运分配,减施氮肥增加了~（13）C同化物向籽粒的转运分配,提高了茎叶等营养体中干物质向籽粒的运转率。增加种植密度和减少施氮量显著提高了开花期和成熟期夏玉米地上部氮素积累量,增加了植株花后及总氮素积累量,有利于满足各器官的营养需求,从而为进一步增加产量奠定了基础。高密度下适量施氮能够降低夏玉米茎和叶片氮素转运率,维持夏玉米营养器官中较高的氮素积累,防止叶片过早衰老而有利于生育后期物质的合成。增加种植密度和减少施氮量均显著提高了夏玉米氮肥回收效率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力。3增密减氮提高了夏玉米光合性能增加种植密度,增加了光合有效面积,叶面积指数、群体光合速率显著提高;适当减少施氮量提高了CAP、LAI、Pn和叶绿素含量及高值持续期,群体结构得到改善;施氮显著提高了密植夏玉米叶片PEPC和Rubisco活性,并引起了夏玉米蛋白质组学的变化,本试验鉴定出的37个光合相关蛋白几乎参与了叶片光合的全过程。本试验97500株hm~（-2）种植密度360 kg hm~（-2）纯氮条件下,夏玉米叶面积指数、光合速率显著提高,且高值持续期长,叶绿素含量、酶活性显著提高,且施氮通过影响玉米叶片光能捕获、ATP合成、CO2固定,进而调控整个光合过程,延缓了生育后期叶片的衰老,使生育后期保持较高光合性能,从而提高了光能利用率,充分发挥了群体光合增产潜力,为籽粒产量的形成提供了保障。4施氮延缓了密植夏玉米的衰老施氮提高了夏玉米生育后期SOD、POD活性,降低了MDA含量,利于延缓叶片的衰老。叶片衰老与蛋白质水平上的功能变化密切相关。本试验鉴定出玉米叶片中32个 衰老相关蛋白‖,这些蛋白在衰老过程中以下调为主。衰老过程直接影响这些功能蛋白,进而影响其参与的生理过程。本试验鉴定出玉米叶片中71个 氮素调控相关蛋白‖,这些蛋白的表达量在施氮后以上调为主。氮素直接影响玉米叶片中能量、防御、蛋白合成、初级代谢、转录、蛋白目的及储存、次级代谢、信号转导和细胞生长分裂等相关蛋白,从而影响叶片生理变化。本研究首次鉴定出玉米叶片中29个 氮素调控衰老相关蛋白‖,这从蛋白质水平上证明了氮素可以调控玉米叶片衰老。施氮对玉米叶片衰老的调控主要通过对光合作用中的Rubisco再生、蔗糖代谢、糖酵解、氮代谢、防御以及蛋白合成与分解等过程的调控来实现的。
[Abstract]:In maize production, increasing crop yield by setting reasonable planting density and nitrogen application level is not only necessary for theoretical research, but also has important guiding significance in production practice. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up in Shandong Agricultural University's experimental farm and crop biology national key laboratory in 2013-2014. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-yield cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai region, a combination of physiological research and differential proteomic study was used to study the potential of high yield and high yield. The results of the main research are as follows: 1 increasing the amount of dry matter accumulation and increasing the planting density of grain yield increase the plant productivity, grain number and 1000-grain weight, but because the population increases, the grain yield and the dry matter accumulation amount of the group are remarkably improved, the nitrogen application amount is reduced, The grain yield, total dry matter accumulation, spike number and 1000-grain weight of corn were decreased, and the excess nitrogen application was not conducive to the formation of yield. increasing the planting density improves the crop growth rate in each growing period, is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter, and provides a sufficient material basis for the formation of grain yield. Under low density, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield was lower than that of high density; increase the planting density to 97500 hm ~ (-2), or decrease the use amount of nitrogen fertilizer to 180 (low density) 0.360 (high density) kg hm ~ (-2) could reach the effect of increasing yield. The highest yield of high density 360kg hm ~ (-2) shows that increasing density and reducing nitrogen can give full play to population yield potential and realize the balance between nitrogen fertilizer supply and crop demand. is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of the grain to the seeds. The density and the amount of nitrogen applied can regulate the translocation of ~ (13) C assimilates from vegetative organs to the grains, and reduce the nitrogen fertilizer application to increase the translocation and distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates to the grains, thus improving the operating rate of dry matter in vegetative organs such as stems and leaves to the grains. increasing the planting density and reducing the nitrogen application amount remarkably improves the nitrogen accumulation amount on the ground part in the flowering period and the mature period, increases the plant flower and the total nitrogen accumulation amount, is beneficial to meeting the nutrition requirement of each organ, and lays a foundation for further increasing the yield. A proper amount of nitrogen applied at high density can reduce the nitrogen transfer rate of stems and leaves of leaves, maintain higher nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs, prevent premature senescence of leaves and facilitate the synthesis of later substances. Increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen applied significantly improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer recovery, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer productivity. Appropriate reduction of the amount of nitrogen applied increased CAP, Pn, Pn and chlorophyll content and high value duration, the population structure was improved, the application of nitrogen significantly improved the activity of PEPC and Rubisco in dense plant leaf, and caused the change of the protein group. Thirty-seven photosynthetic related proteins identified in this experiment were almost involved in the whole process of leaf photosynthesis. In this experiment, the leaf area index and photosynthetic rate of 97500 hm ~ (-2) planting density were significantly improved under pure nitrogen condition, and the high value duration, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity were significantly improved, and the nitrogen fertilizer application affected maize leaf light energy capture, ATP synthesis and CO2 fixation. so that the whole photosynthetic process is regulated, the senescence of the leaf at the later stage of the growth is delayed, the higher photosynthetic performance is maintained at the later stage of the growth, the utilization rate of the light energy is improved, the yield potential of the group photosynthetic production is fully exerted, It provided the guarantee for the formation of grain yield. Nitrogen application delayed the senescence and application of nitrogen to improve the activity of SOD and POD in the later stage of pregnancy, decreased the content of MDA, and was beneficial to delaying senescence of the leaves. Leaf senescence is closely related to functional changes in protein level. 鏈瘯楠岄壌瀹氬嚭鐜夌背鍙剁墖涓，
本文编号：2270100
[Abstract]:In maize production, increasing crop yield by setting reasonable planting density and nitrogen application level is not only necessary for theoretical research, but also has important guiding significance in production practice. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up in Shandong Agricultural University's experimental farm and crop biology national key laboratory in 2013-2014. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-yield cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai region, a combination of physiological research and differential proteomic study was used to study the potential of high yield and high yield. The results of the main research are as follows: 1 increasing the amount of dry matter accumulation and increasing the planting density of grain yield increase the plant productivity, grain number and 1000-grain weight, but because the population increases, the grain yield and the dry matter accumulation amount of the group are remarkably improved, the nitrogen application amount is reduced, The grain yield, total dry matter accumulation, spike number and 1000-grain weight of corn were decreased, and the excess nitrogen application was not conducive to the formation of yield. increasing the planting density improves the crop growth rate in each growing period, is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter, and provides a sufficient material basis for the formation of grain yield. Under low density, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield was lower than that of high density; increase the planting density to 97500 hm ~ (-2), or decrease the use amount of nitrogen fertilizer to 180 (low density) 0.360 (high density) kg hm ~ (-2) could reach the effect of increasing yield. The highest yield of high density 360kg hm ~ (-2) shows that increasing density and reducing nitrogen can give full play to population yield potential and realize the balance between nitrogen fertilizer supply and crop demand. is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of the grain to the seeds. The density and the amount of nitrogen applied can regulate the translocation of ~ (13) C assimilates from vegetative organs to the grains, and reduce the nitrogen fertilizer application to increase the translocation and distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates to the grains, thus improving the operating rate of dry matter in vegetative organs such as stems and leaves to the grains. increasing the planting density and reducing the nitrogen application amount remarkably improves the nitrogen accumulation amount on the ground part in the flowering period and the mature period, increases the plant flower and the total nitrogen accumulation amount, is beneficial to meeting the nutrition requirement of each organ, and lays a foundation for further increasing the yield. A proper amount of nitrogen applied at high density can reduce the nitrogen transfer rate of stems and leaves of leaves, maintain higher nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs, prevent premature senescence of leaves and facilitate the synthesis of later substances. Increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen applied significantly improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer recovery, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer productivity. Appropriate reduction of the amount of nitrogen applied increased CAP, Pn, Pn and chlorophyll content and high value duration, the population structure was improved, the application of nitrogen significantly improved the activity of PEPC and Rubisco in dense plant leaf, and caused the change of the protein group. Thirty-seven photosynthetic related proteins identified in this experiment were almost involved in the whole process of leaf photosynthesis. In this experiment, the leaf area index and photosynthetic rate of 97500 hm ~ (-2) planting density were significantly improved under pure nitrogen condition, and the high value duration, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity were significantly improved, and the nitrogen fertilizer application affected maize leaf light energy capture, ATP synthesis and CO2 fixation. so that the whole photosynthetic process is regulated, the senescence of the leaf at the later stage of the growth is delayed, the higher photosynthetic performance is maintained at the later stage of the growth, the utilization rate of the light energy is improved, the yield potential of the group photosynthetic production is fully exerted, It provided the guarantee for the formation of grain yield. Nitrogen application delayed the senescence and application of nitrogen to improve the activity of SOD and POD in the later stage of pregnancy, decreased the content of MDA, and was beneficial to delaying senescence of the leaves. Leaf senescence is closely related to functional changes in protein level. 鏈瘯楠岄壌瀹氬嚭鐜夌背鍙剁墖涓，
本文编号：2270100
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