黑龙港地区不同耕种方式冬小麦群体质量与水分利用特征
发布时间：2019-05-17 02:24
【摘要】：针对黑龙港地区农业水资源短缺加剧,长期旋耕秸秆还田导致的土壤容重大和播种质量差等问题,研究了冬小麦旋耕条播(RTS)、免耕条播(NTS)、深松条播(DTS)、机械撒播(BSS)等不同耕种方式下冬小麦群体质量与水分利用特征。主要结论如下：(1)耕种方式影响冬小麦群体质量与产量形成。与RTS相比,2011-2012、2012-2013两个年度NTS出苗率分别增加4.03%、3.87%,但播种过深,抑制了分蘖的发生,最大群体茎蘖降低5.23%、14.24%,干物质积累量降低2.31%、3.51%,产量降低3.32%、5.09%。DTS出苗率略高于RTS,最大群体茎蘖增加了2.30%、3.53%,干物质积累量增加3.01%、0.96%,产量增加了4.14%、2.37%。BSS出苗率比RTS降低25.24%、18.23%,群体茎蘖优势明显,最大群体茎蘖增加28.75%、38.19%,干物质积累量增加13.51%、11.27%,产量增加了16.17%、15.68%。BSS利于优化群体质量,提高产量,是目前黑龙港地区较理想的冬小麦高产耕种方式。(2)耕种方式对冬小麦冠层结构及冠层微环境具有调节作用。DTS、BSS能增加冬小麦中上部节间长度,降低下部节间长度,利于中上部叶片在茎秆垂直方向上均匀分布。NTS上三叶叶面积比RTS高34.95%,叶倾角较小,最大叶面积指数仅为5.51,叶片分布不均匀,光截获较少,冠层内温度高、湿度低。BSS、DTS上三叶叶面积分别比RTS增加24.95%、13.82%,叶倾角较大,最大叶面积指数分别比RTS增加32.21%、3.39%,叶片分布均匀,光截获较多,冠层内温度低、湿度高。BSS冠层结构较优,叶片更趋均匀分布,具有较高的光截获。(3)耕种方式影响冬小麦田间能量平衡和蒸散。冬小麦不同生育阶段农田能量平衡日变化均呈“白天为正、夜间为负”的抛物线的变化趋势,RnLeGH,潜热消耗是净辐射的主要支出项。前期土壤一直处于“放热”状态,2月下旬土壤开始“储热”,全生育期NTS、BSS土壤呈“储热”状态,NTS储热高于BSS、TS、DTS农田呈“放热”状态,RTS释放热能高于DTS。除越冬期最低外,冬小麦田问蒸散随生育进程呈增加趋势,返青前处理间蒸散差异较大,表现为RTSDTSBSSNTS,全生育期RTS蒸散量最高,达435.98mm,其次是DTS为433.94mm, NTS、BSS蒸散量仅为427.05mm、426.22mm。(4)耕种方式对冬小麦根系分布与水分利用具有显著的调控效应。DTS、BSS总根量显著高于RTS,抽穗后NTS总根量也高于RTS、RTS、BSS冬小麦根系趋于表层分布,DTS、NTS中下层根系分布比例较高。RTS、BSS处理0-60cm土层耗水占0-160cm土层高达31.95%、27.65%,DTS、NTS处理60cm以下土层耗水较高,占0-160cm土层耗水总量的83.17%、83.47%。全生育期土壤水消耗RTSDTSBSSNTS,水分利用效率则表现为BSSDTSRTSNTS。DTS、BSS、NTS节水主要表现在60cmm以上土层,NTS每个生育阶段耗水均最少,DTS、BSS节水效果主要表现在返青期以前。综合分析,BSS是目前黑龙港地区较理想的冬小麦节水耕种方式。
[Abstract]:In view of the serious shortage of agricultural water resources in Heilongjiang Port area, the heavy soil capacity and poor sowing quality caused by long-term rotary ploughing straw returning to the field, this paper studied the deep loosening (DTS), of (RTS), no-tillage strip sowing in winter wheat rotary ploughing strip sowing. Population quality and water use characteristics of winter wheat under different cultivation methods, such as mechanical sowing (BSS). The main conclusions are as follows: (1) farming methods affect the population quality and yield formation of winter wheat. Compared with RTS, the emergence rate of NTS increased by 4.03% and 3.87%, respectively, but the occurrence of tiller was restrained by too deep sowing, and the tiller rate of the largest population decreased by 5.23% and 14.24%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation decreased by 2.31%, 3.51%, the yield decreased by 3.32%, and the emergence rate of DTS increased by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively, which was slightly higher than that of the largest population of RTS, by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively. The yield increased by 4.14% and 2.37%, respectively. The emergence rate of BSS decreased by 25.24% and 18.23% compared with RTS, the dominance of stem and tiller in population was obvious, and the tiller in the largest population increased by 28.75% and 38.19%, respectively. Dry matter accumulation increased by 13.51%, 11.27%, yield increased by 16.17% and 15.68%. BSS was beneficial to optimize population quality and increase yield. DTS and BSS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. (2) the cultivation method can regulate the crown structure and canopy microenvironment of winter wheat. DTS and DTS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. The area of trefoil on NTS is 34.95% higher than that of RTS, the inclination angle of leaves is smaller, the maximum leaf area index is only 5.51, the distribution of leaves is uneven, the light interception is less, and the temperature in crown is high. The leaf area of leaves on BSS and DTS increased by 24.95% and 13.82%, respectively, and the leaf inclination angle was larger than that of RTS. The maximum leaf area index was 32. 21% and 3. 39% higher than that of RTS, respectively. the distribution of leaves was uniform and the light interception was more. The temperature in the crown is low and the humidity is high. The crown structure of BSS is better, the leaves are more evenly distributed, and the light interception is higher. (3) the cultivation mode affects the energy balance and evaporation of winter wheat in the field. The diurnal variation of farmland energy balance in different growth stages of winter wheat showed a parabola trend of "positive during day and negative at night". The latent heat consumption of RnLeGH, was the main expenditure item of net radiation. In the early stage, the soil was always in the state of "exothermic". In late February, the soil began to "store heat". The NTS,BSS soil showed the state of "heat storage" during the whole growth period. The heat storage of NTS was higher than that of BSS,TS,DTS farmland, and the heat energy released by RTS was higher than that of DTS.. Except for the lowest overwintering stage, the transpiration of winter wheat field increased with the growth process, and there was a great difference among the treatments before turning green, which showed that the evaporation of RTS was the highest in the whole growth period of RTSDTSBSSNTS, up to 435.98mm, followed by DTS of 433.94mm and NTS,. The transpiration of BSS was only 427.05mm, 426.22mm. (4) the total root distribution and water use of winter wheat were significantly regulated by farming methods. The total root quantity of BSS was significantly higher than that of RTS, after heading, and the total root quantity of NTS was also higher than that of RTS,. The root distribution of BSS winter wheat tended to the surface layer, and the proportion of root distribution in the middle and lower layers of DTS,NTS was higher. The water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer accounted for 31.95% and 27.65% of 0-160cm soil layer, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer below NTS treatment was higher than that of BSS treatment, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer was 31.95% and 27.65% respectively. The total water consumption of 0-160cm soil layer was 83. 17% and 83. 47% respectively. The water use efficiency of RTSDTSBSSNTS, in soil water consumption during the whole growth period was that BSSDTSRTSNTS.DTS,BSS,NTS water saving was mainly in the soil layer above 60cmm, NTS had the least water consumption in each growth stage, and the water saving effect of DTS,BSS was mainly before the turning green stage. Comprehensive analysis shows that BSS is an ideal water-saving cultivation method for winter wheat in Heilongjiang Port.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S512.11
，
本文编号：2478729
[Abstract]:In view of the serious shortage of agricultural water resources in Heilongjiang Port area, the heavy soil capacity and poor sowing quality caused by long-term rotary ploughing straw returning to the field, this paper studied the deep loosening (DTS), of (RTS), no-tillage strip sowing in winter wheat rotary ploughing strip sowing. Population quality and water use characteristics of winter wheat under different cultivation methods, such as mechanical sowing (BSS). The main conclusions are as follows: (1) farming methods affect the population quality and yield formation of winter wheat. Compared with RTS, the emergence rate of NTS increased by 4.03% and 3.87%, respectively, but the occurrence of tiller was restrained by too deep sowing, and the tiller rate of the largest population decreased by 5.23% and 14.24%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation decreased by 2.31%, 3.51%, the yield decreased by 3.32%, and the emergence rate of DTS increased by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively, which was slightly higher than that of the largest population of RTS, by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively. The yield increased by 4.14% and 2.37%, respectively. The emergence rate of BSS decreased by 25.24% and 18.23% compared with RTS, the dominance of stem and tiller in population was obvious, and the tiller in the largest population increased by 28.75% and 38.19%, respectively. Dry matter accumulation increased by 13.51%, 11.27%, yield increased by 16.17% and 15.68%. BSS was beneficial to optimize population quality and increase yield. DTS and BSS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. (2) the cultivation method can regulate the crown structure and canopy microenvironment of winter wheat. DTS and DTS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. The area of trefoil on NTS is 34.95% higher than that of RTS, the inclination angle of leaves is smaller, the maximum leaf area index is only 5.51, the distribution of leaves is uneven, the light interception is less, and the temperature in crown is high. The leaf area of leaves on BSS and DTS increased by 24.95% and 13.82%, respectively, and the leaf inclination angle was larger than that of RTS. The maximum leaf area index was 32. 21% and 3. 39% higher than that of RTS, respectively. the distribution of leaves was uniform and the light interception was more. The temperature in the crown is low and the humidity is high. The crown structure of BSS is better, the leaves are more evenly distributed, and the light interception is higher. (3) the cultivation mode affects the energy balance and evaporation of winter wheat in the field. The diurnal variation of farmland energy balance in different growth stages of winter wheat showed a parabola trend of "positive during day and negative at night". The latent heat consumption of RnLeGH, was the main expenditure item of net radiation. In the early stage, the soil was always in the state of "exothermic". In late February, the soil began to "store heat". The NTS,BSS soil showed the state of "heat storage" during the whole growth period. The heat storage of NTS was higher than that of BSS,TS,DTS farmland, and the heat energy released by RTS was higher than that of DTS.. Except for the lowest overwintering stage, the transpiration of winter wheat field increased with the growth process, and there was a great difference among the treatments before turning green, which showed that the evaporation of RTS was the highest in the whole growth period of RTSDTSBSSNTS, up to 435.98mm, followed by DTS of 433.94mm and NTS,. The transpiration of BSS was only 427.05mm, 426.22mm. (4) the total root distribution and water use of winter wheat were significantly regulated by farming methods. The total root quantity of BSS was significantly higher than that of RTS, after heading, and the total root quantity of NTS was also higher than that of RTS,. The root distribution of BSS winter wheat tended to the surface layer, and the proportion of root distribution in the middle and lower layers of DTS,NTS was higher. The water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer accounted for 31.95% and 27.65% of 0-160cm soil layer, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer below NTS treatment was higher than that of BSS treatment, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer was 31.95% and 27.65% respectively. The total water consumption of 0-160cm soil layer was 83. 17% and 83. 47% respectively. The water use efficiency of RTSDTSBSSNTS, in soil water consumption during the whole growth period was that BSSDTSRTSNTS.DTS,BSS,NTS water saving was mainly in the soil layer above 60cmm, NTS had the least water consumption in each growth stage, and the water saving effect of DTS,BSS was mainly before the turning green stage. Comprehensive analysis shows that BSS is an ideal water-saving cultivation method for winter wheat in Heilongjiang Port.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S512.11
，
本文编号：2478729
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