I-D品系燕麦生态适应性及其遗传学特性研究

发布时间：2019-05-18 12:57

【摘要】：燕麦(Avena sativa L.)是青藏高原重要粮饲兼用型作物,高产、稳产是其育种主要目标,杂交育种是实现燕麦高效育种重要途径。本研究以杂交选育的I-D品系燕麦及其亲本(父本青海甜燕麦,母本青海444)为材料,在青藏高原低(民和)、中(湟中)和高(海北)海拔区开展了I-D品系燕麦的生态适应性特征(包括农艺学特征、生产性能、光合特性,品质评价和抗逆性)及其遗传学基础研究,为燕麦杂交育种及I-D品系燕麦新品种的申报和推广应用提供理论依据。主要结果如下:I-D品系燕麦饲草产量优于母本和对照青引1号,在低、中、高3个海拔区,燕麦干草产量分别为9367.9 kg/hm2、10795.5 kg/hm2和14636.3 kg/hm2,较母本高8.3%、9.1%和30.0%,较对照青引1号高36.3%、21.3%和47.5%。I-D品系燕麦的株高、分蘖数、叶片数、叶面积、第三茎节长、茎粗等均优于父本,其叶片光合性能和叶绿素含量优于母本和对照青引1号;3个海拔区I-D品系燕麦的青干草和秸秆蛋白含量比父本高10%以上,其相对饲用价值优于亲本。I-D品系燕麦种子产量优于父本和对照青引1号,在中海拔区种子产量达3997.6 kg/hm2。I-D品系燕麦的茎粗、小穗数、单序籽粒数、单序籽粒重、千粒重等优于母本;其种子中淀粉含量高于亲本,β-葡聚糖含量高于父本。3个海拔区I-D品系燕麦、亲本和对照青引1号的饲草产量、饲草品质、叶绿素a、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a/b和气孔导度均为高海拔区中海拔区低海拔区;叶绿素b、光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度为低海拔区中海拔区高海拔区;种子产量为中海拔区低海拔区;种子淀粉、油酸和亚油酸含量中海拔区较高;粗蛋白含量低海拔区较高。从孕穗期到乳熟期,燕麦饲草产量、旗叶叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl和Car呈持续增加趋势,Pn、Gs和Tr呈先升后降趋势,在抽穗期最大;Ci呈先降后升变化,抽穗期最低;Chl a/b则呈持续下降的变化趋势。I-D品系燕麦的抗倒性优于亲本,株高、重心高度、茎粗、杆壁厚、茎节长与抗倒伏性之间均存在显著或极显著相关关系;第二茎节是影响茎倒伏关键部位,穿刺强度是衡量抗倒伏性的关键因素。I-D品系燕麦遗传了亲本的部分外部形态性状,其籽粒纺锤形和穗轴基部的扭曲性状遗传于父本;种子黑褐色,圆锥花序周散遗传于母本。I-D品系燕麦的核型属3B型,核型公式为2n=6x=42=12m+30sm(4SAT),核不对称系数为66.62%;随体上染色体类型为sm,与亲本一致,但其随体位置发生了变化。I-D品系燕麦与母本的相似系数(0.66)高于父本(0.32),与母本亲缘关系更近。在燕麦抗倒型品种选育上,应以株高,重心高度、第二茎节茎粗、秆壁厚、节间长、穿刺强度为指标;在燕麦产草型品种选育时,应关注株高、分蘖数、叶片数、叶面积、第三茎节长,并注重叶绿素含量高和光合速率强的材料;在燕麦产籽型品种选育时,要注重小穗数、单序籽粒数、单序籽粒重、千粒重等指标。I-D品系燕麦是较其亲本生产性能较优良,高产草兼高产籽的优良品系,适宜在海拔2500m-3200m的高寒地区种植。
[Abstract]:Avena sativa L. (Avena sativa L.) is an important grain-feeding and dual-purpose crop in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, I-D strain of oat and its parent (male parent Qinghai sweet oat, female parent Qinghai 444) were used as material, and the ecological adaptability of I-D strain at low (civil and), middle and high (middle) and high (northern) elevation areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were carried out, including the features of agricultural and artistic studies. The research on production performance, photosynthetic characteristics, quality evaluation and stress resistance and its genetic basis provides a theoretical basis for the application and application of oat hybrid and I-D strain. The main results are as follows: the yield of the I-D strain is superior to that of the female parent and the control Qingyin No.1, and the yield of the oat hay is 9367.9 kg/ hm2, 10795.5 kg/ hm2 and 14636.3kg/ hm2, respectively, and the higher than the female parent is 8.3%, 9.1% and 30.0%, compared with that of the control Qingyin No.1, 36.3%, respectively. The plant height, the number of leaves, the number of leaves, the leaf area, the length of the third stem, the length of the stem and the like of the oat of the I-D strain are superior to that of the male parent, and the photosynthetic performance and the chlorophyll content of the leaves are superior to that of the female parent and the control cyan lead 1; And the content of the green hay and the straw protein of the three-altitude region I-D strain oat is more than 10% higher than that of the male parent, and the relative feeding value of the oat is superior to that of the parent. The yield of oat seed of I-D strain was superior to that of male parent and control Qingyin No.1, and the yield of seed in mid-altitude area was 3997.6 kg/ hm ~ 2. The number of stem, small ear, single-order grain number, single-order grain weight and 1000-grain weight of oat in I-D strain were better than that of female parent; and the content of starch in the seed was higher than that of the parent. the content of the L-glucan is higher than that of the male parent, and the yield of the forage grass, the forage quality, the chlorophyll a, the total amount of the chlorophyll, the carotenoid, the chlorophyll a/ b and the stomatal conductance of the I-D strain of the three-altitude region I-D strain of the oat, the parent and the control cyan are both the low altitude area and the low altitude area of the elevation area in the high altitude area; and the chlorophyll b, The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and intercellular CO _ 2 concentration are the high-altitude area in the low-altitude area. The seed yield is the low-altitude area of the middle-elevation area, and the high-altitude area of the seed starch, the oleic acid and the linoleic acid is higher, and the crude protein content is lower than that of the high-altitude area. From the stage of the booting stage to the period of the second stage, the yield of the oat, the Chl a, the Chl b, the Chl and the Car of the flag leaves continued to increase, and the Pn, Gs, and Tr showed a tendency to decrease in advance, the maximum in the heading period, the change in the first drop of Ci and the lowest heading period, and the trend of the continuous decrease of Chl a/ b. The resistance to lodging of the I-D strain is superior to that of the parent, the height of the plant, the height of the center of gravity, the thickness of the stem, the thickness of the stem, the length of the stem and the lodging resistance are obviously or very significantly related; the second section is the key part which affects the lodging of the stem, and the puncture strength is the key factor to measure the resistance to the lodging. I-D strain is a part of the external morphological character of the parent, and the twist character of the spindle and the base of the ear axis is inherited to the male parent; the seed is dark brown, and the panicles of the panicles are inherited to the female parent. The karyotype of the I-D strain is 3B, the karyotype formula is 2n = 6x = 42 = 12m + 30sm (4SAT), the nuclear asymmetry coefficient is 66.62%, the chromosome type on the body is sm, it is consistent with the parent, but its body position changes. The similarity coefficient (0.66) between the I-D strain and the female parent was higher than that of the male parent (0.32). In the selection and breeding of oat anti-reverse type, the plant height, the height of the center of gravity, the length of the stem of the second stem, the wall thickness of the stalk, the length of the internode and the puncture strength shall be the index; when the oat-producing type variety is selected, the strain is high, the number of the leaves, the number of the leaves, the leaf area and the third stem length are long, And the material with high chlorophyll content and strong photosynthetic rate is emphasized; when the oat seed-producing type variety is selected, the indexes of the small spike number, the single-order grain number, the single-order grain weight and the thousand-grain weight are to be paid attention to. The I-D strain oat is a good strain of high-yield grass and high-yield seed, and is suitable for planting in the high-cold area with the altitude of 2500 m-3200 m.
【学位授予单位】：青海大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.6

【相似文献】