《维尔伯纸草》研究

发布时间：2018-01-21 23:08

  本文关键词： 古代埃及 新王国时期 《维尔伯纸草》 译注 税收 神庙经济 土地制度　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《维尔伯纸草》是新王国第二十王朝拉美西斯五世统治时期的土地清册文献。这卷纸草在结构上由后人分为A、B两部分,而且文献A的内容远多于文献B。文献A主要记录了土地持有机构、土地持有者及其身份、耕种土地的面积和预期的产量及据此预期需缴纳的丰收税。本文对该文献的研究便以文献A为主。据此,本论文主要包括引言、正文六章以及具有总结性和拓展性的终章、附录。引言部分主要阐述了论文的选题意义,介绍《维尔伯纸草》概况,并且简要论述国内外的研究现状。第一章介绍了该文献所记录的土地类型和土地管理者。根据《维尔伯纸草》的记载,新王国时期的土地类型分为王室土地、神庙土地、专营地和私人土地四种。另外,土地管理者主要由政府人员和神职人员担任。因此,本章还通过对土地管理者头衔的整理,叙述了新王国时期的农业人事安排以及土地行政管理模式。第二章论述了文献所记录的土地持有者及其特点。纸草记录的土地持有者身份多达50余种,为此,本章仅选取出现比例较高并具代表性的马夫长、士兵、瓦布祭司和女土地持有者、耕种者这五种土地持有者进行具体分析,进而揭示出这一时期土地持有者呈多样性和多层次的特点。第三章着重叙述了文献所记录的土地经营方式。据《维尔伯纸草》记载,古代埃及新王国时期的土地经营方式主要有以下几种：王室经营土地,神庙经营土地以及个人经营土地。第四章则是根据文献所记载的土地缴税和税收情况对新王国时期的土地税收进行了较为全面的考察。由于《维尔伯纸草》是一卷收税文献,并且纸草所记录的缴税额皆为预期收取的数额,因此,它仅向我们呈现了预期收税的期望值。至于缴税的流程,文献并未有任何体现。但是,为了对这卷纸草有一个更深入地解析,本章不仅使用了《维尔伯纸草》,而且还将同一时期的其他税收文献《都灵税收纸草》等作为佐证材料。第五章着重论述了神庙经济。根据《维尔伯纸草》记载,神庙占据了大量的土地。由此说明,在古埃及,至少在新王国时期,神庙是农业生产的重要部门,并由此构成了古代埃及经济体系中的一个重要的组成部分——神庙经济。因此,本章以《维尔伯纸草》为切入点,从概念的界定、经营方式、经济体系以及神庙与政府的关系等四个方面出发,从社会经济学的角度对新王国时期的神庙经济进行了系统的概述。第六章是对《维尔伯纸草》的翻译与注释。研究《维尔伯纸草》,一个无法规避的论题便是新王国时期的土地制度。因此,本文在对《维尔伯纸草》进行深入解析后,势必要对这一问题进行探讨。故此,新王国时期的土地制度便是本文的终章。在这一章节中,本文将以《维尔伯纸草》为主要史料,并辅以其他文献对新王国时期的埃及土地制度进行论述。古代埃及的土地所有制是复杂的,不能简单的概之以“公有”和“私有”。作为土地制度的核心——土地产权会根据生产力的发展和社会制度的变化,在外因和内因的作用下发生改变。就古埃及而言,土地虽然可由某些机构或者私人长期占有,或买卖或转赠。但是,需要强调的是,国家一直都拥有对土地的终极所有权,那么,法老就是土地的终极所有者,因为他具有将土地收回并终止他人使用的权利。
[Abstract]:< > papyruses Wilber is a new kingdom of the twentieth Dynasty during the reign of Ramesses V cadasters literature. This papyrus is composed of descendants is divided into A, B two, and the content of A is far more than the literature literature B. literature A record the main land holding agencies, land holders and identity, cultivated land area and expected the yield and the need to pay tax according to the expected harvest. This study with literature on the A literature. Therefore, this thesis mainly includes the preface, six chapters and a summary and expansion of the final chapter and appendix. The introduction part mainly elaborates the significance of the topic, introduces the situation of Wilber papyruses < >. And briefly discusses the research status at home and abroad. The first chapter introduces the literature records the type of land and land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, during the New Kingdom land types into the royal land Temple, land, land and private land franchise of four. In addition, land managers mainly held by government officials and clergy. Therefore, this chapter is based on land management Title finishing, described the new kingdom of agricultural personnel arrangements and land administration mode. The second chapter discusses the land holder and the characteristics of literature recorded. Papyrus records of land holders identity as many as 50 species, therefore, only a higher proportion and representative of the groom, this chapter selects female priests and soldiers, wabuensis land holders, specific analysis of the five kinds of land holders to farming, and further reveals that this period showed the diversity and land holder multi-level features. The third chapter mainly describes the literature record of land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the new kingdom in ancient Egypt land management mode has the following main A: Royal land management, land management and land management temple. The fourth chapter is based on the literature records of land tax and tax on the New Kingdom land tax were investigated comprehensively. The < > is a roll of Wilber papyrus papyrus and tax documents, records the tax amount is expected to receive the amount, therefore, it only shows us the expected tax expectations. As for the tax process, the literature does not have any expression. However, in order to have a more in-depth analysis of the papyrus, this chapter not only use the < > Wilbur papyruses, but also in the same period of tax documents < > as the tax Turin papyrus evidence materials. The fifth chapter focuses on the temple economy. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the temple occupied a lot of land. Therefore, in ancient Egypt, at least during the New Kingdom Temple Is an important department of agricultural production, and thus constitute the ancient Egyptian economic system as an important component of the temple economy. Therefore, this chapter takes the < > Wilbur papyruses as the starting point, from the definition of the concept, mode of operation, the four aspects of economic system and the relationship between the government and the temple of conduct an overview of the system of the New Kingdom temple economy from social economic perspective. The sixth chapter is the translation and annotation for < >. Wilber papyruses < > of Wilber papyruses, one cannot avoid the topic is the New Kingdom land system. Because of this, this paper makes a deep analysis of the < Neville "papyrus >, it is necessary to make a study on this issue. Therefore, the new kingdom of the land system is the final chapter in this paper. In this chapter, this paper will take" Wilber papyrus > as the main materials, and supplemented by other literature in the period of the new king Discusses the Egyptian land system. In ancient Egypt the land ownership is complex, not simply summarized as "public" and "private". As the core of the land system, land property rights will change according to the development of productive forces and social system, the external and internal factors for the change of ancient Egypt. Although the land, by certain institutions or private long-term possession or sale or donation. However, it needs to be emphasized that the country has always had the ultimate ownership of land, then the land is the ultimate owner of Pharaoh, because he has to recover the land use rights and the termination of others.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K411.21
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本文编号：1452812