林人共生：彝族森林文化及变迁探究

发布时间：2018-02-24 19:21

  本文关键词： 森林文化 林人共生 彝族 变迁　出处：《云南大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：森林研究通常被归入自然科学领域,然而由于森林与人类有着极为密切的联系,其间又表现出较强的人文属性。客观上讲,林学兼有自然和人文双重属性。特别是在人类面临诸多生态问题困扰的时候,绿水青山在社会经济发展及人类生存中的地位愈发重要。森林的资源和生态两大重要功能对人类的生存发展具有重要影响甚至决定意义,人类文明的进步大多构筑于对森林开发利用的基础之上,一些文明的衰落或经济、政治重心的转移往往也因森林的毁坏而引起。彝族的生存和发展与森林有着紧密的联系,彝族在认识、利用、保护森林的过程中,形成了积淀深厚、内涵丰富的森林文化。彝族森林文化主要表现在物质、精神、制度三个层面。物质层面,彝族充分利用森林资源以维持生计,在利用森林的过程中,总结出许多利用森林的技艺,这是彝族物质层面森林文化的精髓。精神层面,彝族对森林有着深厚的情感,在原始宗教信仰及人生礼俗方面有很多与森林相关的习俗,从这些习俗中可以看出彝族敬重森林的生态观念。制度层面,彝族有护林组织及护林制度,彝族对森林的维护主要体现在即植树造林、神山森林体系、护林制度等三个方面。彝族地区森林在清代以前变化不大,而清代以后因人口剧增、农业垦殖、矿冶及烤烟耗薪、商业采伐、皇木采办、工业耗材、政治活动、军事活动等致使森林破坏较为严重,引发一系列生态及社会后果。森林变迁、科技进步、现代生活方式介入等引起彝族森林文化变迁,进而使与森林相关的一些文化淡化甚至消失,为森林保护带来挑战和机遇。彝族森林文化的核心是林人共生。林人共生关系中林处于主要地位,林是前提,有林才能有人类对森林资源的利用,在此过程中形成了对森林的认知体系以及利用森林的技术体系。林人共生关系发端于林而又回归于林,发端于林是指林为人类的生存提供必要的条件,回归于林是指人类为了森林作用的长久持续发挥而保护森林,林人共生关系的模式为从林到人,再从人到林,即林——人——林,抑或用林——护林——用林。林人共生的生态观念在生态文明建设中显得弥足珍贵,对生态文明建设具有重要的借鉴意义。彝族森林文化对彝族地区生态保护发挥着重要作用,在生物多样性减弱以及生态恶化的情况下,应当挖掘并传承彝族森林文化,为生态恢复及生物多样性保护提供借鉴和路径。彝族植物文化是森林文化的重要组成部分,应该把彝族植物文化元素应用到彝族聚居区的城市绿化中,以彰显出彝区城市的民族特色和文化内涵。
[Abstract]:Forest research is usually subsumed into the field of natural science, but because of the close relationship between forest and human beings, there is also a strong human nature. Forestry has the dual attributes of nature and humanity, especially when mankind is confronted with many ecological problems. Green water green mountain plays an increasingly important role in social and economic development and human survival. The two important functions of forest resources and ecology play an important role in the survival and development of human beings. Most of the progress of human civilization is based on the exploitation and utilization of forests. The decline of some civilizations or the shift of political center of gravity are often caused by the destruction of forests. The survival and development of the Yi people are closely related to forests. In the process of understanding, utilizing and protecting the forest, the Yi people have formed a forest culture with deep accumulation and rich connotation. The forest culture of the Yi nationality is mainly manifested at the material, spiritual and institutional levels. The Yi people make full use of forest resources to support their livelihood. In the process of using forests, they have summed up many skills of using forests. This is the essence of the Yi people's forest culture on the material level. At the spiritual level, the Yi people have deep feelings for forests. There are many forest-related customs in the aspects of primitive religious beliefs and life customs. From these customs, we can see that the Yi people respect the ecological concept of forests. At the institutional level, the Yi people have forest protection organizations and forest protection systems. The maintenance of the forest by the Yi people is mainly reflected in the three aspects of immediate afforestation, the forest system of Shenshan, and the forest protection system. The forest in the Yi nationality area did not change much before the Qing Dynasty, but after the Qing Dynasty, due to the sharp increase in population, the consumption of wages in agriculture, reclamation, mining and smelting, and flue-cured tobacco, Commercial logging, procurement of imperial wood, industrial consumables, political activities, military activities and other causes of forest destruction, causing a series of ecological and social consequences. Forest changes, scientific and technological progress, The intervention of modern way of life has caused the change of forest culture of Yi nationality, which makes some cultures related to forest fade or disappear. It brings challenges and opportunities for forest protection. The core of Yi forest culture is the symbiosis of forest people. In the symbiotic relationship between forest and people, forest is the main position, forest is the prerequisite, and only when there is forest, can there be human utilization of forest resources. In this process, the cognitive system of forest and the technical system of using forest are formed. The symbiotic relationship between forest and human originates from the forest and returns to the forest, which means that the forest provides the necessary conditions for the survival of human beings. Returning to the forest means that human beings protect the forest for a long time. The pattern of the relationship between forest and man is from forest to man, and then from man to forest, that is, forest-man-forest. Or the ecological concept of forest protection and forest use. The ecological concept of symbiosis of forest people is very precious in the construction of ecological civilization, and it has important reference significance for the construction of ecological civilization. The forest culture of Yi nationality plays an important role in the ecological protection of Yi nationality areas. Under the circumstances of the decline of biodiversity and the deterioration of ecology, Yi forest culture should be excavated and inherited to provide reference and path for ecological restoration and biodiversity protection. Yi plant culture is an important part of forest culture. The plant culture elements of the Yi nationality should be applied to the urban greening of the Yi nationality area in order to show the national characteristics and cultural connotation of the Yi region city.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G122
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本文编号：1531408