康德的“审美无利害”说研究

发布时间：2018-03-07 11:35

  本文选题：审美无利害　切入点：反思判断力　出处：《扬州大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：英国美学家是“审美无利害”说的理论先驱。英国美学家围绕着审美活动的规定、审美活动及美感愉悦的区分、审美内心机制、审美主观性与普遍性的统一等诸问题,进行了较为系统的研究。“审美无利害”说由夏夫兹博里提出,经过哈奇森、艾迪生、休谟、博克等人的发展,成为相对完整和成熟的美学观念。但英国美学家的“审美无利害”说有其不彻底性,与康德有着本质的区别。英国美学家“审美无利害”说的认识论及道德论的基础分别来源于洛克的观念论及情感主义道德论,前者使英国美学家大都坚持审美的感觉论,将感觉与情感混淆起来,未能彻底完成审美主体化的转向;后者使英国美学家将道德与审美建立在共同的情感根据之上,未能使审美真正从道德中独立出来。英国美学家徘徊于审美的主观性与客观性之间,未能将主观性与普遍性真正结合起来,表明了审美问题的特殊性与复杂性。显然只有超越洛克的观念论及情感主义道德论,审美的无利害性才能够真正阐明。康德的“审美无利害”说建立在他对人的深刻思考之上。康德揭示了人的高贵与尊严就在于,人作为有限理性存在者试图超越自身有限性,追求自律性人格理想的不懈努力与提升中。人有限理性的存在方式造成了人的情感本性,情感也是推动人不断摆脱有限性、趋向自身完善的能力来源和情感动力。在《判断力批判》写作前,康德已对英国美学家的“审美无利害”说进行了反思。康德首先在认识论上反思洛克的观念论,主张“人为自然立法”,将对象世界主观化以消除主体与客体的分裂,为审美主体化的彻底转向做好了准备。康德又在道德论上反思情感主义道德论,主张以纯粹形式的道德律规定人的意志,将一切情感与质料因素排除在道德立法根据之外,使审美及美感愉悦与道德及道德情感的严格区分成为可能。反思判断力与自然合目的性帮助康德揭示了审美的先天原则,使康德能够在审美愉悦的描述和归纳外,阐明审美何以是无利害性,无利害性的美感愉悦是如何产生的。康德的“审美无利害”说是不断思考和逐渐成熟的产物,不是一蹴而就的。康德真正阐明了“审美无利害”说,将审美及美感愉悦从其它诸活动及情感愉悦中独立出来。康德将审美由被动的感觉提升为自发的审美判断,彻底完成了审美主体化的转向;康德将人的认识、道德、审美活动还原为不同的判断形式,划定各自的职能及疆域;康德将感觉与情感区分开,将美感愉悦与感官快适、善的愉悦区分开,阐明美感愉悦的特质;康德还从主体能力出发,指明无利害性的美感愉悦是想象力与知性自由游戏造成的,二者处于合乎比例的情调中,互相激发、互相促进。康德通过美的经验兴趣、纯粹审美判断及美感愉悦、依附美与自由美、自然美与艺术美等诸环节,为人由感性魅力到习惯性的道德兴趣提供了温和的过渡与提升通道。康德还揭示了人另一种无利害性的情感样态,即崇高感,展示了人从单纯感性样态向理性样态的逐步提升。通过数学的崇高和力学的崇高,人获得由认识能力和理论理性向欲求能力和实践理性的提升,情感上更加趋向道德感。审美并不仅仅关涉美与艺术问题,还与目的论联系在一起。一方面,无利害性的审美判断,提供了一种非概念性的、有别于理论理性的艺术把握及反思自然的方式,使人能够于机械自然外将其设想为合目的性的自然系统。另一方面,人由自然美的观赏进一步追问自然的最终目的,反思人自身的目的,人超感性的道德使命亦被激发出来。康德将审美的主观性与普遍性结合在一起,阐明了审美普遍的特殊性。审美判断是单一性判断却要求着他人的普遍赞同;审美普遍赞同常常饱受拒绝,人却依然像义务一样执着地要求和期待着;审美普遍赞同没有强制性,是一种温和的吁求。康德找到了审美普遍性的先天根据,即共通感。一方面,共通感为审美普遍传达提供了先天的可能性;另一方面,共通感在具体的审美判断中,调节人的内心、努力排除个人偏好,使纯粹审美判断成为可能。康德还进一步找到了审美普遍性的经验根据。由鉴赏原型到美的艺术与天才,审美逐渐从先天层面落实到经验世界中,由内心样态步入现实对象中。审美普遍性的不断达成,也是人不断自我完善和文明化的过程。
[Abstract]:The British aesthetician is "theoretical pioneer of aesthetic disinterestedness said. The British aesthetician around the provisions of aesthetic activities, to distinguish between aesthetic activities and aesthetic pleasure, aesthetic inner mechanism, the problem of Aesthetic Subjectivity and universal, was studied systematically. The" aesthetic disinterestness "said by Ronald Fuzi Bo proposed by Hutcheson, Addison, Hume, et al. Development of blog, a relatively complete and mature aesthetic ideas. But the British aesthetician's" aesthetic disinterestness "said is not complete, is essentially different from Kant. British aesthetician" aesthetic disinterestness "said understanding and moral the theory comes from Rock's ideas and were sentimental moral theory, the former British aesthetician insists on aesthetic feeling, will feel confused and emotional, failed to complete the aesthetic subject to the latter; The British aesthetician will be based on common moral and aesthetic emotion according to the above, failed to make the real aesthetic from the moral independence. British aesthetician hovering between subjectivity and objectivity of Aesthetic Subjectivity and universality, not really combined, indicates the particularity and complexity of the aesthetic problems. Apparently only beyond Rock the concept and sentimental moral theory, aesthetic disinterestedness can be really understood. Kant's "aesthetic disinterestness" based on his profound thinking of people. Kant reveals the nobility and dignity is as rational being tried to transcend its limitations, unremitting efforts and pursuit of self promotion the ideal personality in the way of human existence. The limited rationality caused by people's emotional nature, emotion also promote people to get rid of limitations, tend to improve its ability and source Emotional power. In "critique of judgment > before writing, Kant has been on the British aesthetician's" aesthetic disinterestness "said the reflection. Kant first reflection on the epistemology of Rock's idealism, advocated" human nature legislation ", the object world is subjective to eliminate the division between subject and object, aesthetic subject the turn completely ready. Kant in the theory of morality on sentimental moral theory, advocated the pure formal moral law provisions of the will of the people, all the emotional and material factors excluded from moral legislation according to the aesthetic and aesthetic pleasure and moral and moral emotion distinguishing possible. Judgment and reflection natural purposiveness reveals the innate aesthetic principle to help Kant, Kant to describe and summarize external aesthetic pleasure, that is why the aesthetic disinterestedness, how is disinterestedness in aesthetic pleasure Produced. Kant's "aesthetic disinterestness" is constantly thinking and maturity of the product, is not easy. Kant really illustrated aesthetic disinterestedness, aesthetic and aesthetic pleasure from other activities and emotional pleasure of independence. Kant aesthetic feeling from passive to enhance the aesthetic judgment of spontaneous and complete the aesthetic subject of steering; Kant human cognition, moral, aesthetic activity reduced to different judgment forms, functions and their respective designated territory; Kant will feel separated from the emotional, aesthetic pleasure and sense will soon, separate good pleasure areas, to clarify the characteristics of Kant's aesthetic pleasure; also from the main body of specified disinterestedness in aesthetic pleasure is a freedom of imagination and understanding the game result, two in line with the proportion in the mood, inspire each other, and promote each other. Through the experience of beauty in kant, The pure aesthetic judgment and aesthetic pleasure, beauty and attachment free beauty, natural beauty and artistic beauty of the link, to provide a gentle transition and promotion channel for people from perceptual charm to the habit of moral interest. Kant also reveals the emotional state of another kind of disinterestedness, namely the sublime, show from the pure perceptual state to a rational state gradually. Through mathematics and mechanics of the noble noble, who obtained by the cognitive ability and the theoretical reason and practical reason to desire the ability to ascend, tend to be more emotional and aesthetic sense of morality. Only about beauty and art, but also on the linked to on the one hand, the aesthetic judgment disinterestedness, provides a non conceptual, is different from the theory of rational reflection and grasp the art of natural way, that can make people in mechanical nature to conceive of it as the purpose of the natural system. On the other side The ultimate goal of people from the surface, the natural beauty of the ornamental further about the nature, reflect its purpose, moral mission was also inspired by super sensuous. Kant Aesthetic Subjectivity and universality together, clarifies the particularity of the common aesthetic. Aesthetic judgment is a single judge but demands generally agree with others the aesthetic; often refused to agree by, people still like the same obligations rigid requirements and expectations; aesthetic generally agree there is no mandatory, is a gentle appeal. Kant found according to the innate aesthetic universality, which is common sense. On the one hand, the common sense of aesthetic to convey universally provide innate possibilities; on the other hand, in the common sense of aesthetic judgment in the concrete regulation of people's heart, to the exclusion of personal preference, the pure aesthetic judgment possible. Kant also found the aesthetic experience of the common root times According to the art and genius from appreciation to the US, the aesthetic gradually moves from the innate level to the experience world, from the inner state into the real object. The continuous achievement of aesthetic universality is also a process of continuous self improvement and civilization.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B83-09
，

本文编号：1579118